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Pilar Barrios
Pilar Barrios (1889–1974) was an important poet of the Afro-Uruguayan, black community of Uruguay and one of the founders of the Black Native Party, ''Partido Autóctono Negro''. He demonstrated in his poetry an understanding of the class-based racism in his society, and expressed hope that this could be overturned by the development of a racial consciousness (awareness of ''négritude, negritud'') and renovation of education. He was optimistic in regards to this project, because he believed in the fundamental equality of people and races, as he expressed in his poems. One of his means of expression was the journal ''Nuestra raza'', which he co-founded with his sister María Esperanza Barrios, Maria in 1917. In 1937 he married Maruja Pereyra, an activist and fellow ''Nuestra Raza'' journalist. With the publishing of ''Piel negra'' in 1947, [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afro-Uruguayan
Afro-Uruguayans are Uruguayans of predominantly African descent. The majority of Afro-Uruguayans are in Montevideo. History For most of the colonial period, the port of Buenos Aires (see Afro-Argentines) served as the exclusive entry point for enslaved Africans in the Río de la Plata region. Slaves entering the port of Buenos Aires were then regularly shipped inland to Córdoba and the northwestern provinces of Salta and Tucumán in Argentina, across the Andes Mountains to Chile (see Afro-Chileans) and to the mines of Potosí in Alto Perú (see Afro-Bolivians). The term “Afro-Uruguayans” is problematic in itself, the phrase diminishes relations of these individuals in black communities and is much too specific because of mixed cultures. To strengthen the connections between black communities back in the 1800s, “Orientals” is more fitting in regards to modern-day Uruguay, rather than “Afro-Uruguayans” because of lands history and origin. The region of Uruguay ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Native Party
The Black Native Party ( es, Partido Autóctono Negro, abbreviated PAN) was a political party in Uruguay seeking to defend the rights of the Afro-Uruguayan community. The founders of the party were Afro-Uruguayan intellectuals whom sought to develop the party as a platform to elect Afro-Uruguayans to Congress.UNHCR. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Uruguay : Afro-Uruguayans' The party was founded in 1936 and was close to the ''Nuestra Raza'' group. The foundation of PAN followed the establishment of two other Black political parties in Latin America, in Cuba (1908) and Brazil (1931). Founding A first reference of the project to launch a Black political party can be found in the October 24, 1935, issue of ''Nuestra Raza''. The following issues of the journal carried more editorials and articles arguing for the foundation of the party. On May 9, 1936, a preliminary assembly of the party was held. Some 30 people participated in the event. Two preparatory bodies we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racism
Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different race or ethnicity. Modern variants of racism are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These views can take the form of social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems in which different races are ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities. There have been attempts to legitimize racist beliefs through scientific means, such as scientific racism, which have been overwhelmingly shown to be unfounded. In terms of political systems (e.g. apartheid) that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices or laws, racist ideol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Négritude
''Négritude'' (from French "Nègre" and "-itude" to denote a condition that can be translated as "Blackness") is a framework of critique and literary theory, developed mainly by francophone intellectuals, writers, and politicians of the African diaspora during the 1930s, aimed at raising and cultivating "Black consciousness" across Africa and its diaspora. Négritude gathers writers such as sisters Paulette and Jeanne Nardal (known for having laid the theoretical basis of the movement), Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, Abdoulaye Sadji, Léopold Sédar Senghor (the first President of Senegal), and Léon Damas of French Guiana. ''Négritude'' intellectuals disavowed colonialism, racism and Eurocentrism. They promoted African culture within a framework of persistent Franco-African ties. The intellectuals employed Marxist political philosophy, in the Black radical tradition. The writers drew heavily on a surrealist literary style, and some say they were also influenced somewhat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuestra Raza
''Nuestra Raza'' (''Our Race'') was a Afro-Uruguayan periodical. The "longest running Black Uruguayan periodical", it was published from 1917 to 1948. It was cofounded by lead editor Pilar Barrios Pilar Barrios (1889–1974) was an important poet of the Afro-Uruguayan, black community of Uruguay and one of the founders of the Black Native Party, ''Partido Autóctono Negro''. He demonstrated in his poetry an understanding of the class-based ... and his sister María Esperanza Barrios. After María died in 1932, it was refounded in 1933. It notably included contributions by several Afro-Uruguayan women, including María Selva Escalada, Iris Cabral, Maruja Pereyra and María Felina Dias. References Afro-Uruguayan culture 1917 establishments in Uruguay Newspapers established in 1917 1948 disestablishments in Uruguay Newspapers disestablished in 1917 {{Uruguay-newspaper-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
María Esperanza Barrios
María Esperanza Barrios (18 December 1892 – 2 October 1932) was an Uruguayan journalist and writer. She notably co-founded ''Nuestra Raza'', a long-running periodical catering to Uruguay's Afro-Latin population. Biography Barrios was born in 1892. She was the sister to the influential journalist and poet Pilar Barrios Pilar Barrios (1889–1974) was an important poet of the Afro-Uruguayan, black community of Uruguay and one of the founders of the Black Native Party, ''Partido Autóctono Negro''. He demonstrated in his poetry an understanding of the class-based ..., whom had founded a paper titled ''La Verdad'' in 1911. Maria worked as a correspondent for the paper until 1914, before going on to co-found the periodical ''Nuesta Raza'' with her brother in 1917. The magazine was published in San Carlos and it continued to publish for ten years when the editor had to announce that it was to cease publication. The paper blamed its end on apathy and lack of results. ''Nuesta R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maruja Pereyra
Maruja Pereyra or Pereira, later Maruja Pereyra Barrios (born 1906) was an Afro-Uruguayan journalist and feminist activist. She was active in the Afro-Uruguayan periodical ''Nuestra Raza'', and the founder of Comité de Mujeres Negras por la paz y contra el fascismo, which has been called "the first Black women's political party". Life Little is known of Pereyra's life. However, in the 1930s she and Iris Cabral were "the most visible, militant and outspoken" women to write for ''Nuestra Raza''. The pair were elected delegates to the 1936 National Congress of Women. After Cabral's death in June 1936, Pereyra was active in the black political party Partido Autóctono Negro. Together with Maria Felina Díaz, Pereyra wrote a column "Pages For You" for the party's periodical, ''PAN'', and tried to recruit women to political participation. She founded a female wing of the Partido Autóctono Negro, the sister organization known as the Comité de Mujeres Negras por la paz y contra el fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virginia Brindis De Salas
Virginia Brindis de Salas (18 September 1908 – 6 April 1958)"Brindis de Salas, Virginia" Autores.uy. was a of the community of . The country's leading black woman poet, she is also considered "the most militant among Afro-Uruguayan writers".Caroll Mills Young [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Langston Hughes
James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. He famously wrote about the period that "the Negro was in vogue", which was later paraphrased as "when Harlem was in vogue." Growing up in a series of Midwestern towns, Hughes became a prolific writer at an early age. He moved to New York City as a young man, where he made his career. He graduated from high school in Cleveland, Ohio, and soon began studies at Columbia University in New York City. Although he dropped out, he gained notice from New York publishers, first in '' The Crisis'' magazine and then from book publishers, and became known in the creative community in Harlem. He eventually graduated from Lincoln University. In addition to poetry, Hughes wrote plays and sho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black American Literature Forum
''African American Review'' (''AAR'') is a scholarly aggregation of essays on African-American literature, theatre, film, the visual arts, and culture; interviews; poetry; fiction; and book reviews. The journal has featured writers and cultural critics including Trudier Harris, Arnold Rampersad, Hortense Spillers, Amiri Baraka, Cyrus Cassells, Rita Dove, Charles R. Johnson, Charles Johnson, Cheryl Wall, and Toni Morrison. It is the official publication of the Modern Language Association's LLC African American. Between 1967 and 1976, the journal appeared under the title ''Negro American Literature Forum'' and until 1992 as ''Black American Literature Forum'' before obtaining its current title. It is based in St. Louis, MO, St. Louis. ''AAR'' has received three American Literary Magazine Awards for Editorial Content, and grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, the Lila Wallace, Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund, the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and the Council of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1889 Births
Events January–March * January 1 ** The total solar eclipse of January 1, 1889 is seen over parts of California and Nevada. ** Paiute spiritual leader Wovoka experiences a vision, leading to the start of the Ghost Dance movement in the Dakotas. * January 4 – An Act to Regulate Appointments in the Marine Hospital Service of the United States is signed by President Grover Cleveland. It establishes a Commissioned Corps of officers, as a predecessor to the modern-day U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps. * January 5 – Preston North End F.C. is declared the winner of the inaugural Football League in England. * January 8 – Herman Hollerith receives a patent for his electric tabulating machine in the United States. * January 15 – The Coca-Cola Company is originally incorporated as the Pemberton Medicine Company in Atlanta, Georgia. * January 22 – Columbia Phonograph is formed in Washington, D.C. * January 30 – Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
