|
Pietro Colonna (cardinal)
Pietro Colonna (born around 1260; died 14 January 1326) was an Italian cardinal. Biography Pietro came from the Roman aristocratic family of Colonna. He was brother of Sciarra Colonna and Stephen the Older, and nephew of Cardinal Giovanni Colonna. Thanks to his uncle's protection he was appointed to the College of Cardinals on 16 May 1288, receiving from the then Pope Nicholas IV the title of cardinal-deacon S. Eustachio. He signaled the papal bulls between 3 September 1288 and 21 June 1295. Colonna received a number of beneficiaries in the diocese of Rome, among others churches. He participated in the papal election of 1292-1294 and the conclave of 1294. In 1297 a conflict broke out between Pope Boniface VIII and the family Colonna, that was allied with the French King Philip IV of France. Boniface VIII then demanded from the Colonna the issue of their fortresses, and in the face of his refusal, on 10 May 1297 he excommunicated the leaders of the family and deposed both Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardinal (Catholic Church)
A cardinal is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. As titular members of the clergy of the Diocese of Rome, they serve as advisors to the pope, who is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. Cardinals are chosen and formally created by the pope, and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals. The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a conclave, almost always from among themselves, with a few historical exceptions, when the Holy See is vacant. During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. With the pope, cardinals collectively participate in papal consistories, in which matters of im ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papal Conclave, 1314–16
The pope is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. He is also known as the supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff, or sovereign pontiff. From the 8th century until 1870, the pope was the sovereign or head of state of the Papal States, and since 1929 of the much smaller Vatican City state. From a Catholic viewpoint, the primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, who gave Peter the Keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the Church would be built. The current pope is Leo XIV, who was elected on 8 May 2025 on the second day of the 2025 papal conclave. Although his office is called the papacy, the jurisdiction of the episcopal see is called the Holy See. The word "see" comes from the Latin for 'seat' or 'chair' (, referring in particular to the one on which the newly elected pope sits during the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avignon Papacy
The Avignon Papacy (; ) was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (at the time within the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now part of France) rather than in Rome (now the capital of Italy). The situation arose from the conflict between the papacy and the French crown, culminating in the death of Pope Boniface VIII after his arrest and maltreatment by agents of Philip IV of France. Following the subsequent death of Pope Benedict XI, Philip pressured a deadlocked conclave to elect the Archbishop of Bordeaux as pope Clement V in 1305. Clement refused to move to Rome, and in 1309 he moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. This absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the "Babylonian captivity" of the Papacy (cf. Italian , i.e. "Avignonese captivity"). A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon, all French, and all under the influence of the French Crown. In 137 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
14th-century Italian Cardinals
The 14th century lasted from 1 January 1301 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCCI) to 31 December 1400 (MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both Europe and the Mongol Empire. West Africa experienced economic growth and prosperity. In History of Europe, Europe, the Black Death claimed 25 million lives wiping out one third of the European population while the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France fought in the protracted Hundred Years' War after the death of King Charles IV of France led to a claim to the French throne by King Edward III of England. This period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the Italian Renaissance and the Ottoman Empire. In History of Asia, Asia, Tamerlane (Timur), established the Timurid Empire, history's third largest empire to have been ever ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
13th-century Italian Cardinals
The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the Siege of Baghdad (1258) and the destruction of the House of Wisdom. Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent, while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji. The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably Samudera Pasai. The Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories. Europe entered the apex of the High Middle Ages, characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1326 Deaths
Year 1326 ( MCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. Events January – March * January 21 – The foundation of Oriel College (or King's College), the University of Oxford's fifth oldest (still surviving) college, is confirmed by royal charter. * February 10–March 11 – The Raid on Brandenburg begins as Polish-Lithuanian forces led by King Wladyslaw the Elbow-High of Poland, and of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Gediminas, raid the territories of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (within the Holy Roman Empire), with the sanction of Pope John XXII. Władysław regards the Neumark (East Brandenburg) as Polish territory. * February 14 – Queen Ingeborg, the regent and de facto ruler of Sweden, is stripped from all political authority. Due to having many debts (known as the Scania affair), she gives up several fiefs. * February 28 – Frederick the Fair becomes the sole Duke of Austria upon the death of his younger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1260 Births
Year 1260 ( MCCLX) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Africa * October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself. * The civil servant and bard longing for lost al-Andalus, Ibn al-Abbar, is burnt at the stake by the Marinid ruler. * The Arba'a Rukun Mosque is completed in Mogadishu. The Arba'a Rukun Mosque (Arabic: أربع ركون), also known as Arba Rucun, is a mosque in the medieval district Shangani, Mogadishu, Somalia. Asia * The Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke, for the title of Great Khan. * May 5 – Kublai Khan becomes a claimant to the Mongol Empire, after the death of Möngke Khan. * May 21 – Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with Song dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of the Yangtze River is destroyed, by a Chinese army of the Southern Song dynasty. Chancellor Jia Si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florida International University
Florida International University (FIU) is a public research university with its main campus in Westchester, Florida, United States. Founded in 1965 by the Florida Legislature, the school opened to students in 1972. FIU is the third-largest university in Florida and the List of United States university campuses by enrollment, eighth-largest public university in the United States by enrollment. It is a constituent part of the State University System of Florida and one of four state-designated Preeminent State Research Universities. FIU is Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, classified as a Carnegie "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" institution. It has 11 colleges and more than 40 centers, facilities, labs, and institutes that offer more than 200 programs of study. It has an annual budget of over $1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $5 billion. The university is Higher education accreditation in the United States, acc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dizionario Biografico Degli Italiani
The ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' () is a biographical dictionary published in 100 volumes by the Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, started in 1960 and completed in 2020. It includes about 40,000 biographies of distinguished Italians. The entries are signed by their authors and provide a rich bibliography. History The work was conceived in 1925, to follow the model of similar works such as the German ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' (1912, 56 volumes) or the British ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (from 2004 the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''; 60 volumes). It is planned to include biographical entries on Italians who deserve to be preserved in history and who lived at any time during the long period from the fall of the Western Roman Empire In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Waley
Daniel Philip Waley (20 March 1921 in London – 26 May 2017) was a British historian, manuscript specialist, and professor. He was best known for his enduring textbooks on medieval Italy and Europe. Biography Waley began his education in Dorking. He graduated in 1938 from Dauntsey's School near Devizes, where he developed a life-long passion for cricket, and won a scholarship to study history at King's College, Cambridge. In his first year of university (1938/9), he took the six-month Cours de Civilisation Française at the Sorbonne, where he met his future wife, a student from Kent. After completing his History Prelims at King's in 1940, Waley volunteered for military service and joined the Buffs Regiment. He served with the Eighth Army in Tunisia and in the Sicilian and Italian campaigns, with attachments to the artillery and intelligence corps (as a translator). He returned in 1945 to King's College for his final year of undergraduate study and took a special subject co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basilica Di Santa Maria Maggiore
Santa Maria Maggiore (), also known as the Basilica of Saint Mary Major or the Basilica of Saint Mary the Great, is one of the four major papal basilicas and one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome. The largest Marian church in Rome, it is regarded as the first Marian sanctuary in the Western world and the mother of all sanctuaries. Santa Maria Maggiore is located in Esquilino, the 15th rione (administrative district) of Rome, on the . Pursuant to the Lateran Treaty of 1929 between the Holy See and Italy, the basilica is in Italy and not Vatican City.Lateran Treaty of 1929, Article 15 However, the Holy See fully owns the basilica, and Italy is legally obliged to recognise its full ownership thereof and to concede to it "the immunity granted by international law to the headquarters of the diplomatic agents of foreign states". The complex of buildings therefore has a status somewhat similar to an embassy. The basilica enshrines the venerated image of , depicting the Bless ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope John XXII
Pope John XXII (, , ; 1244 – 4 December 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death, in December 1334. He was the second and longest-reigning Avignon Papacy, Avignon Pope, elected by the Papal conclave, Conclave of Cardinal (Catholic Church), Cardinals, which was assembled in Lyon. Like his predecessor, Pope Clement V, Clement V, Pope John centralized power and income in the Papacy and lived a princely life in Avignon. John opposed the policies of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis IV the Bavarian as Holy Roman Emperor, which prompted Louis to invade Italy and set up an antipope, antipope Nicholas V, Nicholas V. John also opposed the Franciscans, Franciscan understanding of the poverty of Christ and his apostles, promulgating multiple papal bulls to enforce his views. This led William of Ockham to write against unlimited papal power. Following a three-year process, John Canonization of Thomas Aquinas, canonized Thoma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
