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Pierre Quesnay
Pierre Achille Louis Eugène Quesnay ( – ) was a French economist and central bank official. From 1930 to 1937, he was the first General Manager of the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland, the world's first international financial institution. Life Quesnay was born in Évreux. He studied law in Paris under supervision of economist Charles Rist. He was enlisted in the French army during World War I, after which Rist mentored him to join the Vienna office of the Reparation Commission that had been set up by Treaty of Versailles. Quesnay served there from 1920 to 1925, working with High Commissioner of the League of Nations , and interacting with international financial policymakers of the time that included Jean Monnet and Montagu Norman. In 1926, he joined the Bank of France where Rist had just been appointed deputy governor, and became the first head of the bank's newly created research department. He was instrumental in the stabilisation of the French fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bank For International Settlements
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international financial institution which is owned by member central banks. Its primary goal is to foster international monetary and financial cooperation while serving as a bank for central banks. With its establishment in 1930 it is the oldest international financial institution. Its initial purpose was to oversee the settlement of World War I war reparations. The BIS carries out its work through its meetings, programmes and through the Basel Process, hosting international groups pursuing global financial stability and facilitating their interaction. It also provides banking services, but only to central banks and other international organizations. The BIS is based in Basel, Switzerland, with representative offices in Hong Kong and Mexico City. History Background International monetary cooperation started to develop tentatively in the course of the 19th century. An early case was a £400,000 loan in gold coins, in 1825 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1895 Births
Events January * January 5 – Dreyfus affair: French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his army rank and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island (off French Guiana) on what is much later admitted to be a false charge of treason. * January 6 – The Wilcox rebellion, an attempt led by Robert Wilcox to overthrow the Republic of Hawaii and restore the Kingdom of Hawaii, begins with royalist troops landing at Waikiki Beach in O'ahu and clashing with republican defenders. The rebellion ends after three days and the remaining 190 royalists are taken prisoners of war. * January 12 – Britain's National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty is founded by Octavia Hill, Robert Hunter and Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley. * January 13 – First Italo-Ethiopian War: Battle of Coatit – Italian forces defeat the Ethiopians. * January 15 – A warehouse fire and dynamite explosion kills 57 people, including 13 firefighters in Butt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Per Jacobsson
Per Jacobsson (5 February 1894 – 5 May 1963) was a Swedish economist who served as the first and longstanding chief economist of the Bank for International Settlements from 1931 to 1956, and as the managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 1956 until his death in 1963. Early life Per Jacobsson was born in Tanum, Bohuslän, in Sweden. His parents were Carl Julius Jacobsson, a veterinary surgeon, and Emma Kristina Jacobsson (maiden name Melander). His family moved to Västerås, where he attended Rudbeckianska a secondary school founded in 1623. He then went to Uppsala University from 1912 to 1919. In his first term he studied economics, statistics and sociology, among other topics, but then in his second term switched to studying law. He received two law degrees from the university, in 1917 and 1919 respectively. However, he was able to undertake extensive studies in economics, mastering the subject. In 1914 he had an oral examination in economics gi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rouen
Rouen (, ; or ) is a city on the River Seine, in northwestern France. It is in the prefecture of Regions of France, region of Normandy (administrative region), Normandy and the Departments of France, department of Seine-Maritime. Formerly one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe, the population of the metropolitan area () is 702,945 (2018). People from Rouen are known as ''Rouennais''. Rouen was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy during the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Normans, Anglo-Norman and Angevin kings of England, Angevin dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. From the 13th century onwards, the city experienced a remarkable economic boom, thanks in particular to the development of textile factories and river trade. Claimed by both the French and the English during the Hundred Years' War, it was on its soil that Joan of Arc was tried and burned alive on 30 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saint-Léomer
Saint-Léomer is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. Geography The Salleron flows northward through the commune. See also *Communes of the Vienne department The following is a list of the 265 communes of the Vienne department of France. The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2025):Communes of Vienne (department) {{Vienne-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gold Exchange Standard
A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the early 1920s, and from the late 1920s to 1932 as well as from 1944 until 1971 when the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the US dollar to gold, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. Many states nonetheless hold substantial gold reserves. Historically, the silver standard and bimetallism have been more common than the gold standard. The shift to an international monetary system based on a gold standard reflected accident, network externalities, and path dependence. Great Britain accidentally adopted a ''de facto'' gold standard in 1717 when Isaac Newton, then-master of the Royal Mint, set the exchange rate of silver to gold too low, thus causing silver coins to go out of circulation. As Great Britain became the world's leading financial a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Young Plan
The Young Plan was a 1929 attempt to settle issues surrounding the World War I reparations obligations that Germany owed under the terms of Treaty of Versailles. Developed to replace the 1924 Dawes Plan, the Young Plan was negotiated in Paris from February to June 1929 by a committee of international financial experts under the leadership of American businessman and economist Owen D. Young. Representatives of the affected governments then finalised and approved the plan at The Hague conference of 1929/30. Reparations were set at 36 billion Reichsmarks payable through 1988. Including interest, the total came to 112 billion Reichsmarks. The average annual payment was approximately two billion Reichsmarks (US$473 million in 1929). The plan came into effect on 17 May 1930, retroactive to 1 September 1929. In a parallel agreement, France agreed to withdraw its troops from the occupied Rhineland in 1930, five years earlier than called for in the Treaty of Versailles. Due to the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hague Conference On Reparations
The Hague conference on reparations of 1929–30 was an international conference on World War I reparations that reviewed and adopted the Young Plan, the final attempt during the Weimar Republic to settle the reparations issue. The conference was held in The Hague, Netherlands in two parts, from 6 to 31 August 1929 and from 3 to 31 January 1930. The first session centred around British demands for better terms and a larger share of the reparations payments for itself. Compromises, mostly on Germany's side, eventually resolved the issues. Outside of the formal Young Plan discussions, France agreed to an early withdrawal of the troops occupying the Rhineland in exchange for German concessions on reparations. The second session, which took place after the Wall Street crash of October 1929, set up the Bank for International Settlements to handle the transfer of payments between countries and settled the remaining Young Plan issues despite sometimes furious objections from Germany' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Émile Moreau (banker)
Émile Moreau (29 September 1868 – 9 November 1950) was a French banker who served as Governor of the Bank of France from 1926 to 1930 and chairman of Paribas from 1931 to 1940. After retiring from his role as governor he took a job in a private bank. His contribution to the Poincare Stabilization helped the French Franc to gain credibility in the 1920s following the Russian Default post the Bolshevik Revolution. As pointed out in his memoirs, Emile Moreau took active measures to increase French influence in Eastern Europe. It was under his governorship that French Money Doctors were sent to Romania as advisors. Finance Ministry In 1902, French Finance Minister Maurice Rouvier chose Moreau as his . He served numerous positions within the French civil service, including was Inspector General of Finance in 1896, Chief of Staff of the Minister of Finance in 1902, and Director General of the Banque de l'Algérie. While at the Ministry of Finance, he presided over an international ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triumvirate
A triumvirate () or a triarchy is a political institution ruled or dominated by three individuals, known as triumvirs (). The arrangement can be formal or informal. Though the three leaders in a triumvirate are notionally equal, the actual distribution of power may vary. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader. Informally, the term "triumvirate" may be used for any association of three. Under the influence of the Soviet Union, the term troika (Russian: for "group of three") may be used for "triumvirate". Pre-modern triumvirates Biblical In the Bible, triumvirates occurred at some notable events in both the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and New Testament. In the Book of Exodus, Moses, his brother Aaron and their nephew or brother-in-law, Hur, acted this way during the Battle of Refidim against the Amalekites. Later in Exodus 24, when Moses was away on Mount Sinai, Aaron and Hur were left in ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franc Poincaré
The Franc Poincaré is a unit of account In economics, unit of account is one of the functions of money. A unit of account is a standard numerical monetary unit of measurement of the market value of goods, services, and other transactions. Also known as a "measure" or "standard" of ... that was used in the international regulation of liability. It was introduced on June 25th, 1928 as a replacement for the Germinal franc, which had been established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1803. It was defined as 65.5 milligrams of gold of millesimal fineness .900. Formerly it was identical to the French franc, although it has not been so since the 1920s. Practice on its conversion to national currencies varies from state to state; in most states the conversion factor is based not on the market price of gold, but on an official price (a remnant of the gold standard, frequently far below its market price today). The Franc Poincaré has been replaced for most purposes by special drawing rights ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
