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Pierre Besnard
Pierre Besnard (8 October 1886 – 19 February 1947) was a French anarcho-syndicalist. He was the co-founder and leader of the Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR) and its successor the Confédération Nationale du Travail (CNT), and the principal theoretician of anarcho-syndicalism in France during the early 20th century. Biography Pierre Besnard was born on 8 October 1886, into a peasant family, in Montreuil-Bellay. After coming of age, in March 1909, he started work as a Mail carrier for the State Railway Company in Chinon. In September 1919, he represented railway workers at the Lyon congress of the General Confederation of Labour (CGT). By 1920, he had been promoted to the chief postal officer at Auteuil-Boulogne. On 4 May 1920, he led a rail workers' strike and joined the executive committee of the National Federation of Railway Workers; for his leadership of the strike, he was dismissed from his job on 14 May. In July 1920, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montreuil-Bellay
Montreuil-Bellay () is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. It is located approximately 15 km to the south of Saumur, and is famous for the Château de Montreuil-Bellay, which is situated in the town. Montreuil-Bellay is on the Thouet, and was the head of navigation until navigation ceased at the beginning of the 20th century. The navigation works were undertaken in the 15th century by the lords of Montreuil-Bellay, who in turn were granted letters patent by King Charles VII allowing them to raise a tax on wine that would pass through their land. Montreuil-Bellay station has rail connections to Tours, Saumur, Bressuire and La Roche-sur-Yon. Population See also *Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department The following is a list of the 176 communes of the Maine-et-Loire department of France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tax Collector
A tax collector (also called a taxman) is a person who collects unpaid taxes from other people or corporations on behalf of a government. The term could also be applied to those who audit tax returns or work for a revenue agency. Tax collectors are often portrayed negatively, and in the modern world share a similar stereotype to that of lawyers. History Historically taxes were collected directly by the King or ruler of a State. As states and administrative regions grew larger this task was outsourced to aristocrats or dedicated tax collectors. Ancient Rome In the Roman Republic, taxes were collected from individuals based on the value of their total property. However, since it was extremely difficult to facilitate the collection of the tax, the government auctioned the collection of taxes every year. The winning tax farmers (called publicani) paid the tax revenue to the government in advance and then kept the taxes collected from individuals. The publicani paid the ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decentralisation
Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those related to planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it. Concepts of decentralization have been applied to group dynamics and management science in private businesses and organizations, political science, law and public administration, technology, economics and money. History The word "''centralisation''" came into use in France in 1794 as the post-Revolution French Directory leadership created a new government structure. The word "''décentralisation''" came into usage in the 1820s. "Centralization" entered written English in the first third of the 1800s; mentions of decentralization also first appear during those years. In the mid-1800s Tocqueville would write that the French Revolution began with "a push towards decentralization" but became, "in the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confédération Générale Du Travail Unitaire
The Confédération générale du travail unitaire, or CGTU (), was a trade union confederation in France that at first included anarcho-syndicalists and soon became aligned with the French Communist Party. It was founded in 1922 as a confederation of radical unions that had left the socialist-dominated General Confederation of Labour (France), General Confederation of Labour (CGT), and in 1936 merged back into the CGT. Foundation The CGTU emerged from a split in the General Confederation of Labour (France), General Confederation of Labour (CGT: ''Confédération générale du travail''), which had been torn by confrontations between socialist members of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO: ''Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière'') and the more radical anarcho-syndicalists and members of the French Communist Party (PCF: ''Parti communiste français''). The CGTU took the majority of the CGT with it. Initially the syndicalists and anarchists outnumber ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reformism
Reformism is a political tendency advocating the reform of an existing system or institution – often a political or religious establishment – as opposed to its abolition and replacement via revolution. Within the socialist movement, reformism is the view that gradual changes through existing institutions can eventually lead to fundamental changes in a society's political and economic systems. Reformism as a political tendency and hypothesis of social change grew out of opposition to revolutionary socialism, which contends that revolutionary upheaval is a necessary precondition for the structural changes necessary to transform a capitalist system into a qualitatively different socialist system. Responding to a pejorative conception of reformism as non- transformational, philosopher André Gorz conceived non-reformist reform in 1987 to prioritize human needs over capitalist needs. As a political doctrine, centre-left reformism is distinguished from centre-right or pra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Profintern
The Red International of Labor Unions (, RILU), commonly known as the Profintern (), was an international body established by the Communist International (Comintern) with the aim of coordinating communist activities within trade unions. Formally established in 1921, the Profintern aimed to act as a counterweight to the influence of the so-called "Amsterdam International", the social-democratic International Federation of Trade Unions (founded in 1919), an organization which the Comintern branded as " class-collaborationist" and as an impediment to revolution. After entering a period of decline in the middle 1930s, the Profintern was finally dissolved in 1937 with the advent of Comintern's " Popular Front" policy. Organizational history Preliminary organization In July 1920, at the behest of Comintern head Grigory Zinoviev, the 2nd World Congress of the Communist International established a temporary International Trade Union Council, commonly known by its Russian acronym, Mez ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Nouvelle Vie Ouvrière
(;''The New Worker's Life'') ou ''NVO'' is a French trade union magazine first published in 1909 under the name . It is the main newspaper of the General Confederation of Labour. History 1909-1914 Alphonse Merrheim, a revolutionary syndicalist, arrived in Paris in 1904, and soon after met Pierre Monatte at the office of ''Pages Libres''. The two men would later work together to launch . The first number appeared on 5 October 1909. The notice on the front page signed by Pierre Monatte proclaimed that it would be devoted to action, which would provide assistance to militants in the battle of propaganda. The paper was to be a practical instrument, without making any ideological concessions. 110 issues of the bi-monthly journal were published up to July 1914. Financial transparency was an important goal, with the journal committed to reporting its finances to its subscribers on a regular basis. Monatte did not have any money to invest in the journal, but was able to obtain s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaston Monmousseau
Gaston René Léon Monmousseau (17 January 1883 – 11 July 1960) was a French railway worker, trade union leader, politician and author, from a rural working-class background. He became an anarcho-syndicalist, then a communist, and played a leading role in the French Communist Party and in the national trade union movement both before and after World War II (1939–45). Early years Gaston Monmousseau was born on 17 January 1883 in Luynes, Indre-et-Loire. His parents were Jean and Marie-Silvine Monmousseau. In his autobiography he describes himself as coming from a family of serfs attached to the Duke of Luynes. His grandfather was a Republican during the Second French Empire and his father was a radical after the Paris Commune, then a socialist against the decay of radicalism, and then a communist against the decay of socialism. Gaston Monmousseau grew up in the village of Azay-sur-Cher. After leaving school he apprenticed with a carpenter in Luynes, then moved to Tours where he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, Second Party Congress in 1903. The Bolshevik party, formally established in 1912, seized power in Russia in the October Revolution of 1917, and was later renamed the Russian Communist Party, All-Union Communist Party, and ultimately the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Its ideology, based on Leninism, Leninist and later Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist principles, became known as Bolshevism. The origin of the RSDLP split was Lenin's support for a smaller party of professional revolutionaries, as opposed to the Menshevik desire for a broad party membership. The influence of the factions fluctuated in the years up to 1912, when the RSDLP formally split in two. The political philosophy of the Bolsheviks was based on the Leninist pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and Russian Civil War, a civil war. It can be seen as the precursor for Revolutions of 1917–1923, other revolutions that occurred in the aftermath of World War I, such as the German Revolution of 1918–1919. The Russian Revolution was a key events of the 20th century, key event of the 20th century. The Russian Revolution was inaugurated with the February Revolution in 1917, in the midst of World War I. With the German Empire inflicting defeats on the front, and increasing logistical problems causing shortages of bread and grain, the Russian Army was losing morale, with large scale mutiny looming. Officials were convinced that if Tsar Nicholas II abdicated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Monatte
Pierre Monatte (15 January 188127 June 1960) was a French trade unionist, a founder of the '' Confédération générale du travail'' (CGT, General Confederation of Labour) at the beginning of the 20th century, and founder of its journal '' La Vie Ouvrière'' (Workers' Life) on 5 October 1909. Monatte has been considered one of the great figures of revolutionary syndicalism. Life Monatte was born on 15 January 1881. Alphonse Merrheim arrived in Paris in 1904, and soon afterward, he met Monatte at the office of ''Pages Libres''. The two men would work together to launch '' La Vie Ouvrière (The Worker's Life)''. In 1914 Monatte and Alfred Rosmer led the internationalist core of ''La Vie ouvrière (The Worker's Life)''. Monatte often referred himself to Fernand Pelloutier and did not disguise his anarchist sympathies although he drifted away from that current of socialism after the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam in 1907. There, Monatte argued in particular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Secretary
Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, Power (social and political), power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived from the Latin word , "to distinguish" or "to set apart", the passive participle () meaning "having been set apart", with the eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word ''secret.'' A was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual (a king, pope, etc.). The official title of the party leader, leader of most communist party, communist and socialist party, socialist political parties is the "General Secretary of the Central Committee" or "First Secretary of the Central Committee". When a communist party is in power, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, general secretary is usually the country's ''de facto'' leader ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
