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Pidilizumab
Pidilizumab (formerly CT-011) is a monoclonal antibody being developed by Medivation for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Pidilizumab was originally thought to bind to the PD-1 immune checkpoint molecule, however, recent evidence suggests that Delta-like 1 (DLL1) is its primary binding target while binding to PD-1 is secondary and restricted to non-glycosylated and hypoglycosylated forms of this molecule. Pidilizumab causes in the attenuation of apoptotic processes in lymphocytes, primarily effector/memory T cells. Clinical trials It had encouraging results by 2011 from phase II clinical trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. A phase II open-label study in combination for relapsed follicular lymphoma found good results compared to usual response rates. A phase I/II open label study in pediatric patients with a rare form of brain cancer, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, found improvement in overall survival compared to expected outcome. An add-on trial for mult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DLL1
Delta-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DLL1'' gene. Function DLL1 is a human homolog of the Notch Delta ligand and is a member of the delta/serrate/jagged family. It plays a role in mediating cell fate decisions during hematopoiesis. It may play a role in cell-to-cell communication. Summary DLL1 (Delta-like canonical Notch ligand 1) is a transmembrane protein that serves as a ligand in the Notch signaling pathway, which is crucial for cell fate determination during embryonic development. DLL1 is essential for the formation of somites, the segmented precursors to the vertebral column and skeletal muscles. In mouse models, the absence of DLL1 leads to disrupted somite formation and embryonic lethality, highlighting its vital role in mesodermal segmentation. Beyond somitogenesis, DLL1-mediated Notch signaling is critical for establishing left–right asymmetry in the developing embryo by regulating the expression of the Nodal gene. Mutations in D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medivation
Medivation, Inc. was an American biopharmaceutical company focused on development of novel therapies to treat serious diseases for which there are limited treatment options. Medivation was headquartered in San Francisco, California, beginning operations in December 2004 with the acquisition of Medivation Neurology, Inc. Its final CEO was David Hung. Medivation, in collaboration with Astellas, was in development of enzalutamide for multiple stages of prostate cancer and for breast cancer. On August 31, 2012, Medivation and Astellas announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted approval to XTANDI (enzalutamide) capsules for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who have previously received docetaxel. XTANDI is an oral, once-daily androgen receptor inhibitor. Pfizer announced it would acquire the company in August 2016 for $14 billion and completed the acquisition in October 2016. Company history Steve Gorlin and Dav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Medical Association
The American Medical Association (AMA) is an American professional association and lobbying group of physicians and medical students. This medical association was founded in 1847 and is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Membership was 271,660 in 2022. The AMA's stated mission is "to promote the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public health." The organization was founded with the goal to raise the standards of medicine in the 19th century primarily through gaining control of education and licensing. In the 20th century, the AMA has frequently lobbied to restrict the supply of physicians, contributing to a doctor shortage in the United States. The organization has also lobbied against allowing physician assistants and other health care providers to perform basic forms of health care. The organization has historically lobbied against various forms of government-run health insurance. The Association also publishes the '' Journal of the American Medical Assoc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PD-1
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), (CD279 cluster of differentiation 279). PD-1 is a protein encoded in humans by the ''PDCD1'' gene. PD-1 is a cell surface receptor on T cells and B cells that has a role in regulating the immune system's response to the cells of the human body by down-regulating the immune system and promoting self-tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity. This prevents autoimmune diseases, but it can also prevent the immune system from killing cancer cells. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis (programmed cell death) of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells (anti-inflammatory, suppressive T cells). PD-1 inhibitors, a new class of drugs that block PD-1, activate the immune system to attack tumors and are used to treat certain types of cancer. PD-1 is a cell surface receptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin superf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immune Checkpoint
Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. These pathways are crucial for self-tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking cells indiscriminately. However, some cancers can protect themselves from attack by stimulating immune checkpoint targets. Inhibitory checkpoint molecules are targets for cancer immunotherapy due to their potential for use in multiple types of cancers. Currently approved checkpoint inhibitors block CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1. For the related basic science discoveries, James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo won the Tang Prize, Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2018. Stimulatory checkpoint molecules Four stimulatory checkpoint molecules are members of the TNF receptor superfamily, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily—CD27, CD40, OX40, GITR and CD137. Another two stimulatory checkpoint molecules belong to the B7-CD28 superfamily—CD28 itself and ICOS. * CD27: This molec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delta-like 1
Delta-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DLL1'' gene. Function DLL1 is a human homolog of the Notch Delta ligand and is a member of the delta/serrate/jagged family. It plays a role in mediating cell fate decisions during hematopoiesis Haematopoiesis (; ; also hematopoiesis in American English, sometimes h(a)emopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells. In a healthy adult human, roughly ten .... It may play a role in cell-to-cell communication. Summary DLL1 (Delta-like canonical Notch ligand 1) is a transmembrane protein that serves as a ligand in the Notch signaling pathway, which is crucial for cell fate determination during embryonic development. DLL1 is essential for the formation of somites, the segmented precursors to the vertebral column and skeletal muscles. In mouse models, the absence of DLL1 leads to disrupted somite formation and embryonic letha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a cancer of B cells, a type of lymphocyte that is responsible for producing antibodies. It is the most common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma among adults, with an annual incidence of 7–8 cases per 100,000 people per year in the US and UK. This cancer occurs primarily in older individuals, with a median age of diagnosis at ~70 years, although it can occur in young adults and, in rare cases, children. DLBCL can arise in virtually any part of the body and, depending on various factors, is often a very aggressive malignancy. The first sign of this illness is typically the observation of a rapidly growing mass or tissue infiltration that is sometimes associated with systemic B symptoms, e.g. fever, weight loss, and night sweats. The causes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are not well understood. Usually DLBCL arises from normal B cells, but it can also represent a malignant transformation of other types of lymphoma (particularly marginal zone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Follicular Lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a cancer that involves certain types of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. This cancer is a form of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and it originates from the uncontrolled division of specific types of B-cells ( centrocytes and centroblasts). These cells normally occupy the follicles (nodular swirls of various types of lymphocytes) in the germinal centers of lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes. The cancerous cells in FL typically form follicular or follicle-like structures (see adjacent Figure) in the tissues they invade. These structures are usually the dominant histological feature of this cancer. In the US and Europe, this disease is the second most common form of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, exceeded only by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. FL accounts for 10–20% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and ~15,000 new cases of follicular lymphoma are diagnosed each year in the US and Europe. Recent studies indicate that FL is similarly prevalent in Japan. FL is a b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (DMG) is a tumour that arises in midline structures of the brain, most commonly the brainstem, thalamus and spinal cord. When located in the pons it is also known as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). DMG is believed to be caused by Carcinogenesis#Multiple_mutations, genetic mutations that cause epigenetic changes in cells of the developing nervous system, resulting in a failure of the cells to properly differentiate. Currently, the standard of care is fractionated external beam radiotherapy, as the tumour location precludes surgery, and chemotherapy has shown to be ineffective. However, the estimated survival post-diagnosis remains only 9–15 months. DMGs primarily affect children: the median age of diagnosis is around 6-7 years old. Current understanding has shown several genes are involved in the pathology of the glioma. The pathology is resistant to treatment, suggesting that a major driver is that celular apoptosis mechanisms a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoclonal Antibodies
A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a Lineage (evolution), cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies are identical and can thus have Valence (chemistry), monovalent affinity, binding only to a particular epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies are mixtures of antibodies derived from multiple plasma cell lineages which each bind to their particular target epitope. Artificial antibodies known as bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered which include two different antigen binding sites (Fragment antigen-binding region, FABs) on the same antibody. It is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to almost any suitable substance; they can then serve to detect or purify it. This capability has become an investigative tool in b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
