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Picralima Nitida
''Picralima'' is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1896. It contains only one known species, ''Picralima nitida'', native to tropical Africa (Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Gabon, Cameroon, Cabinda, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Zaire, Uganda). ''Picralima nitida'', the akuamma, is a tree. The dried seeds from this plant are used in traditional medicine throughout West Africa, particularly in Ghana as well as in the Ivory Coast and Nigeria. The seeds are crushed or powdered and taken orally, and are mainly used for the treatment of malaria, and diarrhoea, and as a painkiller. The plant produces the alkaloids pericine and akuammine, among others. An enterprising Ghanaian hospital started manufacturing and selling standardized 250 mg capsules of the powdered ''P. nitida'' seed, which then became a widely used palliative. This then led researchers to try to discover the active component of the seeds. ''Picralima nitid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre
Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre (23 October 1833 – 30 October 1905), also known as J. B. Louis Pierre, was a French Botany, botanist known for his Asian studies. Early life Pierre was born in Saint-André, Réunion, Saint-André, Réunion, and studied in Paris before working in the botanical gardens of Calcutta, India. Career In 1864 he founded the Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens, which he directed until 1877. Afterward, he returned to Paris and lived at 63 rue Monge, near the Paris Herbarium. In 1883, he moved to Charenton, then to Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, then (circa 1893) to Saint-Mandé. Finally, he settled at 18 rue Cuvier in Paris, where he resided until his death. Pierre made many scientific explorations in tropical Asia. His publications include the ''Flore forestière de la Cochinchine'' (1880-1907), an article "Sur les plantes à caoutchouc de l'Indochine" (''Revue des cultures coloniales'', 1903) and the section on Sapotaceae in the ''Notes botaniques'' (1890-18 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malaria
Malaria is a Mosquito-borne disease, mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates and ''Anopheles'' mosquitoes. Human malaria causes Signs and symptoms, symptoms that typically include fever, Fatigue (medical), fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, Epileptic seizure, seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin 10 to 15 days after being bitten by an infected ''Anopheles'' mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial Immunity (medical), resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria. The mosquitoes themselves are harmed by malaria, causing reduced lifespans in those infected by it. Malaria is caused by protozoa, single-celled microorganisms of the genus ''Plasmodium''. It is spread exclusively through bites of infected female ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hunteria Simii
''Hunteria'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1824. It is native to Africa and to South and Southeast Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which .... ;Species # '' Hunteria ballayi'' Hua - Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Gabon # '' Hunteria camerunensis'' K.Schum. ex Hallier f. - Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Gabon # '' Hunteria congolana'' Pichon - Republic of Congo, Zaïre, Kenya # '' Hunteria densiflora'' Pichon - Zaïre # '' Hunteria ghanensis'' J.B.Hall & Leeuwenb. - Ivory Coast, Ghana # '' Hunteria hexaloba'' (Pichon) Omino - Gabon # '' Hunteria macrosiphon'' Omino - Republic of Congo, Gabon # '' Hunteria myriantha'' Omino - Zaïre # '' Hunteria oxyantha'' Omino - Republic of Congo, Zaïre, Ga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hunteria Umbellata
''Hunteria umbellata'' grows as either a shrub or small tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . Its flowers feature a white, creamy or pale yellow corolla. The fruit is yellow and smooth. Its habitat is forests from sea level to altitude. Its numerous local medicinal uses include for fever, leprosy sores, stomach and liver problems and as an anthelmintic, especially against internal worms. ''Hunteria umbellata'' has been used as arrow poison. The plant's hard wood is used in carving and to make small tools. The species is native to an area of tropical Africa from Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers with an estimated population of 2,026,778. It borders Senegal to Guinea-Bissau–Senegal border, its north and Guinea to Guinea–Guinea-Bissau b ... in the west to Angola in the south. References umbellata Plants used in traditional African medicine Flora of Angola Flora of West Tropi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Analgesia
Pain management is an aspect of medicine and health care involving relief of pain (pain relief, analgesia, pain control) in various dimensions, from acute and simple to chronic and challenging. Most physicians and other health professionals provide some pain control in the normal course of their practice, and for the more complex instances of pain, they also call on additional help from a specific medical specialty devoted to pain, which is called pain medicine. Pain management often uses a multidisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of anyone experiencing pain, whether acute pain or chronic pain. Relieving pain (analgesia) is typically an acute process, while managing chronic pain involves additional complexities and ideally a multidisciplinary approach. A typical multidisciplinary pain management team may include: medical practitioners, pharmacists, clinical psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, recreationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antiinflammatory
Anti-inflammatory is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation, fever or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs, also called anti-inflammatories, make up about half of analgesics. These drugs reduce pain by inhibiting mechanisms of inflammation, as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system to block pain. Common anti-inflammatory drugs include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, antileukotrienes, and monoclonal antibodies. Drugs Clinically approved Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs alleviate pain by counteracting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme involved in pain mechanisms. Some common examples of NSAIDs are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. Selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, block the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin, inhibiting inflammation and pain. Analgesics commonly associated with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol), have no periph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antipyretic
An antipyretic (, from ''anti-'' 'against' and ' 'feverish') is a substance that reduces fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override a prostaglandin-induced increase in temperature. The body then works to lower the temperature, which results in a reduction in fever. Most antipyretic medications have other purposes. The most common antipyretics in the US are usually ibuprofen and aspirin, which are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used primarily as anti-inflammatories and analgesics (pain relievers), but which also have antipyretic properties; and paracetamol (acetaminophen), an analgesic without anti-inflammatory properties. There is some debate over the appropriate use of such medications, since fever is part of the body's immune response to infection. A study published by the Royal Society claims that fever suppression causes at least 1% more influenza deaths in the United States, or 700 extra deaths per year. Non-pharmacological treatment Bathing or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akuammine
Akuammine (vincamajoridine) is an indole alkaloid. It is the most abundant alkaloid found in the seeds from the tree '' Picralima nitida'', commonly known as akuamma, comprising 0.56% of the dried powder. It has also been isolated from ''Vinca major''. Akuammine is structurally related to yohimbine, mitragynine and more distantly Voacangine, all of which are alkaloid plant products with pharmacological properties. Pharmacology Akuammine has antimalarial activity, and may be the primary constituent of ''P. nitida'' seeds responsible for this activity. Akuammine is an opioid agonist with low affinity, selective for the mu-opioid receptor, when tested ''in vitro ''In vitro'' (meaning ''in glass'', or ''in the glass'') Research, studies are performed with Cell (biology), cells or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in ...''. References {{Opioidergics Tryptamine alkaloids Alkaloids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pericine
Pericine is one of a number of indole alkaloids found in the tree '' Picralima nitida'', commonly known as akuamma. As with some other alkaloids from this plant such as akuammine, pericine has been shown to bind to mu opioid receptors ''in vitro'', and has an IC50 of 0.6 μmol, within the range of a weak analgesic. It may also have convulsant effects. Pericine has been prepared in the laboratory by total synthesis Total synthesis, a specialized area within organic chemistry, focuses on constructing complex organic compounds, especially those found in nature, using laboratory methods. It often involves synthesizing natural products from basic, commercially .... See also * Vobasine * Isovoacristine References Opioids Indole alkaloids Alkaloids found in Apocynaceae Bridged heterocyclic compounds Mu-opioid receptor agonists Azocines {{alkaloid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a broad class of natural product, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungus, fungi, Medicinal plant, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacology, pharmacological activities including antimalarial medication, antimalarial (e.g. quinine), asthma, antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), chemotherapy, anticancer (e.g. omacetaxine mepesuccinate, homoharringtonine), cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilation, vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), Antiarrhythmic agent, antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine), antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and anti-diabetic, antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. berb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
