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Physcia
''Physcia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. The widely distributed genus contains about 80 species. The genus is cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan, and has been extensively studied in various regions in the past several decades, with significant biodiversity in South America identified as a central diversity hotspot. ''Physcia'' species are foliose lichen, foliose, lichens that grow with a loose to close appressed habit. Their upper surface is typically whitish, pale greenish, green-grey, or dark grey in colour. The thallus colour remains relatively unchanged when moistened. ''Physcia'' lichens typically grow corticolous lichen, on bark, corticolous lichen, on wood, or saxicolous lichen, rock, although they have occasionally been recorded dwelling on man-made structures. They thrive in nutrient-rich environments and are expanding rapidly in urban areas of the United Kingdom previously affected by sulfur dioxide, SO2 pollution. The main charac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physciaceae
The Physciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. A 2016 estimate placed 19 genera and 601 species in the family. Description The Physiaceae family includes various growth forms such as foliose, fruticose, , stipitate, crustose, and even evanescent types (where certain parts, such as basal squamules, become less noticeable or disappear over time as other structures develop). Some members of this family may also be lichenicolous, meaning they grow on other lichens. These lichens can exhibit features such as , isidia, and soredia, or may lack them entirely. The upper of Physiaceae lichens can be , , or absent. Their photobiont, or the symbiotic algae living within the lichen, is typically a unicellular green alga from the genus ''Trebouxia'', with a diameter ranging from 5 to 20 μm. The medulla can vary from poorly to well-developed or may even be absent, and it often contains lichen substanc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phaeophyscia
''Phaeophyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens typically appear as leaf-like (foliose) growths that spread across tree bark, rocks, or other surfaces, usually in well-lit, nutrient-rich environments. Their structure consists of short or long that range in colour from pale grey to dark brown, becoming dark green when wet, and they often have dark undersides with root-like attachments (rhizines). The genus is distinguished from its relatives by its unique chemical composition and reproductive features, lacking a substance called atranorin and producing ellipsoidal spores. While some species reproduce through specialised propagules called soredia or isidia, others form small cup-like fruiting bodies (apothecia) on their surface for reproduction. There are over 50 known species of ''Phaeophyscia'' worldwide. Taxonomy ''Phaeophyscia'' was circumscribed by the Swedish lichenologist Roland Moberg in 1977, separating it from the older genu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperphyscia
''Hyperphyscia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. These lichens form tightly attached, leaf-like crusts that spread outward in rosettes, with individual radiating in shallow, overlapping tiers that are seldom more than a millimetre or two wide and range in colour from pale brownish-grey to dark brown. They reproduce through brown, disc-shaped fruiting bodies that sit directly on the upper surface and contain thick-walled brown ascospores divided by a single cross-wall, typical of many members of their family. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by the Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1894. He assigned '' Hyperphyscia synthalea'' as the type species. Description ''Hyperphyscia'' forms a tightly attached, leaf-like crust that spreads outward in a rosette. Viewed from above, the individual lobes radiate in shallow, overlapping tiers and are seldom more than a millimetre or two wide. Their surface is dull and free of any frost-l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physcia Millegrana
''Physcia millegrana'', commonly known as the mealy rosette lichen, is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Physciaceae. It is common in the eastern United States. It was formally described as a new species in 1940 by the lichenologist Gunnar Degelius. This gray lichen with a pale underside is characterized by its coarse soredia (granular vegetative propagules) that are densely distributed the margins of , giving them a somewhat ruffled appearance. Secondary metabolites (lichen product Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol deri ...s) found in ''Physcia millegrana'' include atraric acid, methyl 3-hydroxy orsellinate, and divaricatic acid. References millegrana Lichen species Lichens described in 1940 Lichens of the United States Ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kashiwadia
''Kashiwadia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. The genus was circumscribed in Sergey Kondratyuk, László Lőkös, and Jae-Seoun Hur in 2014 to contain the species ''Physcia orientalis'', after molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the taxon occupied an isolated phylogenetic position in the Physciaceae. An additional five species were added to the genus in 2021. The genus name honours Japanese lichenologist Hiroyuki Kashiwadani, who originally described the type species. ''Kashiwadia'' species are foliose (leafy) and whitish-grey, with lobes measuring 1–2.5 mm wide. The upper surface of the thallus is smooth, convex, and lacks pruina, while the lower surface is pale to brownish. Apothecia are rare; when present, they are cup-shaped with a diameter of 1–2 mm and a brown, pruinose disc. Both atranorin and zeorin are lichen product Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyxine
''Pyxine'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Caliciaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution in tropical regions. The presence or absence of the compound lichexanthone is a character used in classifying ''Pyxine '' species; about 20 species contain this compound. This represents the largest group of foliose lichens with the compound. Species *'' Pyxine albovirens'' *'' Pyxine astipitata'' – Brazil *'' Pyxine astridiana'' – neotropical *'' Pyxine australiensis'' – Asia; Australia *'' Pyxine berteriana'' – pantropical *''Pyxine boonpragobiana'' – Thailand *'' Pyxine coccifera'' *'' Pyxine cocoes'' *'' Pyxine cognata'' - pantropical *''Pyxine consocians'' *''Pyxine convexior'' *''Pyxine copelandii'' *''Pyxine cylindrica'' – Papua New Guinea *''Pyxine dactyloschmidtii'' *''Pyxine daedalea'' – Costa Rica *''Pyxine desudans'' – Australia *''Pyxine elixii'' – Australia *''Pyxine endochrysina'' *''Pyxine endocrocea ''Pyxine'' is a g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterodermia
''Heterodermia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Physciaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical regions, and contains about 80 species. Description ''Heterodermia'' are subterranean or almost upright leaf lichens with a bearing diameter of up to 10 centimeters. Their top is pale greenish, whitish or pale greyish, many species are ciliolate on the edge. The underside is white, tan or orange with pale or dark rhizines. '' Lichenoverruculina'' is lichenicolous (a parasitic fungus that only lives on lichen as the host) and is found under the thallus of various ''Heterodermia'' species. Distribution The genus ''Heterodermia'' has about 80 species a large area of distribution, especially in the tropics. Species As accepted by Species Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichenicolous Fungi
A lichenicolous fungus is a member of a specialised group of fungi that live exclusively on lichens as their host (biology), host organisms. These fungi, comprising over 2,000 known species across 280 genera, exhibit a wide range of ecological strategies, including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism (biology), mutualism. They can be found in diverse environments worldwide, from tropical to Polar regions of Earth, polar regions, and play important roles in lichen ecology and biodiversity. Lichenicolous fungi are classified into several taxonomic groups, with the majority belonging to the Ascomycota and a smaller portion to the Basidiomycota. Their interactions with host lichens range from mild parasitism to severe pathogenicity, sometimes causing significant damage to lichen communities. While the study of lichenicolous fungi dates back to the mid-18th century, recent decades have seen significant advancements through modern research methods, including molecular phylogenetics, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edvard August Vainio
Edvard August Vainio (born Edvard Lang; 5 August 185314 May 1929) was a Finnish lichenology, lichenologist. His early works on the lichens of Lapland (Finland), Lapland, his three-volume monograph on the lichen genus ''Cladonia'', and, in particular, his study of the taxonomy (biology), classification and morphology (biology), form and structure of lichens in Brazil, made Vainio renowned internationally in the field of lichenology. Young Vainio's friendship with university student Johan Petter Norrlin, who was nearly eleven years older, helped him develop an impressive knowledge of the local cryptogams (ferns, mosses, algae, and fungi, including lichens) and afforded him ample opportunity to hone his collection and identification (biology), identification techniques at an early age. It was through this association that Vainio met Norrlin's teacher, the prominent lichenologist William Nylander (botanist), William Nylander, who supported his early botanical efforts. Vainio's earl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Christian Daniel Von Schreber
Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber (17 January 1739 – 10 December 1810), often styled J.C.D. von Schreber, was a German Natural history, naturalist. Career Schreber was appointed professor of'' materia medica'' at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, University of Erlangen in 1769. In 1774, he began writing a multivolume set of books entitled ''Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen'', which focused on the mammals of the world. Many of the animals included were given a scientific name for the first time, following the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus. From 1791 until his death in 1810, he was the president of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1787. In April 1795, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society Numerous honors were bestowed on him, including the office of an Count Palatine (Imperial), imperial count palatine. Schreber also wrote on entomology, notably ''Schre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortex (botany)
In botany, a cortex is an outer layer of a stem or root in a vascular plant, lying below the epidermis but outside of the vascular bundles. The cortex is composed mostly of large thin-walled parenchyma cells of the ground tissue system and shows little to no structural differentiation. The outer cortical cells often acquire irregularly thickened cell walls, and are called collenchyma cells. Plants Stems and branches In the three dimensional structure of herbaceous stems, the epidermis, cortex and vascular cambium form concentric cylinders around the inner cylindrical core of pith. Some of the outer cortical cells may contain chloroplasts, giving them a green color. They can therefore produce simple carbohydrates through photosynthesis. In woody plants, the cortex is located between the periderm (bark) and the vascular tissue ( phloem, in particular). It is responsible for the transportation of materials into the central cylinder of the root through diffusion and ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
