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Phelles
Phelles was a King of Tyre and the last of four brothers who held the kingship. The only information available about Phelles comes from Josephusâs citation of the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus, in ''Against Apion'' i.18. Here it is said that Phelles slew his brother Aserymus ( Astarymus) and then âtook the kingdom, and reigned but eight months, though he lived fifty years: he was slain by Ithobalus (Ithobaal I), the priest of Astarte.â He and the three preceding kings were brothers, sons of the nurse of Abdastartus, according to Menander. The dates given here are according to the work of F. M. Cross and other scholarsWilliam H. Barnes, ''Studies in the Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel'' (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991) 29-55. who take 825 BC as the date of Didoâs flight from her brother Pygmalion, after which she founded the city of Carthage in 814 BC. See the chronological justification for these dates in the Pygmalion of Tyre article. See also *L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ithobaal I
Ithobaal I is the name of a 9th-century BCE king of Tyre mentioned in the story of Jezebel from the Hebrew Bible, and in a citation by Josephus of a list of the kings of Tyre put together by the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus (2nd century BCE). Sources and chronology Primary information related to Ithobaal comes from Josephus's citation of the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus, in ''Against Apion'' i.18. Here it is said that the previous king, Phelles, âwas slain by Ithobalus, the priest of Astarte, who reigned thirty-two years, and lived sixty-eight years; he was succeeded by his son Badezorus ( Baal-Eser II).â Based on the work of F. M. Cross and other scholars who take 825 BC as the date of Dido's flight from her brother Pygmalion, after which she founded the city of Carthage in 814 BC, Ithobaal was born in 915 BC, killed King Phelles and assumed the throne in 883 BC, and died in 847 or 846 BC. Relation to Ahab of Israel Ithobaal held close diplomatic conta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astarymus
Astarymus (also called Aserymus; possibly Phoenician: đ€đ€đ€đ€đ€đ€ ''âĆĄtrrm'', "Ashtar is great") was a king of Tyre and the third of four brothers who held the kingship. The only information available about him comes from Josephusâs citation of the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus, in ''Against Apion'' i.18. The entire passage about the four brothers is as follows, as given in Whistonâs translation: Now four sons of (Abdastartusâs) nurse plotted against him and slew him, the eldest of whom reigned twelve years; after them came Astartus the son of Deleastartus: he lived fifty-four years, and reigned twelve years; after him came his brother Aserymus; he lived fifty-four years, and reigned nine years: he was slain by his brother Pheles, who took the kingdom and reigned but eight months, though he lived fifty years: he was slain by Ithobalus, the priest of Astarte. The dates given for Astarymus (Aserymus) are according to the work of F. M. CrossF. M. Cros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
King Of Tyre
The King of Tyre is Lucifer the ruler of Tyre (Lebanon), Tyre, the ancient Phoenician city in what is now Lebanon. The traditional list of 12 kings, with reigns dated to 990â785 BC, is derived from the Lost literary work, lost history of Menander of Ephesus as quoted by Josephus in ''Against Apion'' I. 116â127. Josephus asserts that Menander had drawn his list from the chronicles of Tyre itself. Menander-Josephus also contains a list of 9 kings and judges, with reigns dated to 591â532 BC in Against Apion I. 154â160. Ancient Tyrian rulers based on Hellenic mythology Late Bronze Age rulers Kings of the Sidonians (with Tyre as capital), 990â785 BC The dates for the reconstruction of Menander's Tyrian king list from Abibaal through Pygmalion of Tyre, Pygmalion are established in three places by three independent sources: a Biblical synchronism (Hiram's assistance to Solomon in building the Temple, from 967 BC onwards), an Assyrian record (tribute of Baal-Eser II/Balazero ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Kings Of Tyre
The King of Tyre is Lucifer the ruler of Tyre, the ancient Phoenician city in what is now Lebanon. The traditional list of 12 kings, with reigns dated to 990â785 BC, is derived from the lost history of Menander of Ephesus as quoted by Josephus in ''Against Apion'' I. 116â127. Josephus asserts that Menander had drawn his list from the chronicles of Tyre itself. Menander-Josephus also contains a list of 9 kings and judges, with reigns dated to 591â532 BC in Against Apion I. 154â160. Ancient Tyrian rulers based on Hellenic mythology Late Bronze Age rulers Kings of the Sidonians (with Tyre as capital), 990â785 BC The dates for the reconstruction of Menander's Tyrian king list from Abibaal through Pygmalion are established in three places by three independent sources: a Biblical synchronism (Hiram's assistance to Solomon in building the Temple, from 967 BC onwards), an Assyrian record (tribute of Baal-Eser II/Balazeros II to Shalmaneser III in 841 BC), and a Roman hist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdastartus
Abdastartus ( Phoenician: đ€đ€đ€đ€đ€đ€đ€đ€ ''âbdâĆĄtrt'', possibly pronounced akin to ''âAbd-âAshtart'') was a king of Tyre, son of Baal-Eser I (Beleazarus) and grandson of Hiram I. The only information available about Abdastartus comes from the following citation of the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus, in Josephus's ''Against Apion'' i.18: Upon the death of Hirom, Beleazarus his son took the kingdom; he lived forty-three years, and reigned seven years: after him succeeded his son Abdastartus; he lived twenty-nine years, and reigned nine years. Now four sons of his nurse plotted against him and slew him. Therefore, according to Menander/Josephus, Abdastartus began to reign seven years after the death of his grandfather, Hiram I. The dating of Hiram and the following kings is based on the studies of J. Liver, J. M. Peñuela, F. M. Cross, and William H. Barnes, all of whom build on the inscriptional evidence of a synchronism between Baal-Eser II an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tyre (Lebanon)
Tyre (; ; ; ; ) is a city in Lebanon, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It was one of the earliest Phoenician metropolises and the legendary birthplace of Europa, her brothers Cadmus and Phoenix, and Carthage's founder Dido (Elissa). The city has many ancient sites, including the Tyre Hippodrome, and was added as a whole to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984. The historian Ernest Renan noted that "One can call Tyre a city of ruins, built out of ruins". Tyre is the fifth-largest city in Lebanon after Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon, and Baalbek. It is the capital of the Tyre District in the South Governorate. There were approximately 200,000 inhabitants in the Tyre urban area in 2016, including many refugees, as the city hosts three of the twelve Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon: Burj El Shimali, El Buss, and Rashidieh. Territory Tyre juts out from the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and is located about south of Beirut. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josephus
Flavius Josephus (; , ; ), born Yosef ben Mattityahu (), was a RomanâJewish historian and military leader. Best known for writing '' The Jewish War'', he was born in Jerusalemâthen part of the Roman province of Judeaâto a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed Hasmonean royal ancestry. He initially fought against the Roman Empire during the First JewishâRoman War as general of the Jewish forces in Galilee, until surrendering in AD 67 to the Roman army led by military commander Vespasian after the six-week siege of Yodfat. Josephus claimed the Jewish messianic prophecies that initiated the First JewishâRoman War made reference to Vespasian becoming Roman emperor. In response, Vespasian decided to keep him as a slave and presumably interpreter. After Vespasian became emperor in AD 69, he granted Josephus his freedom, at which time Josephus assumed the Emperor's family name of '' Flavius''. Flavius Josephus fully defected to the Roman s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menander Of Ephesus
Menander of Ephesus (; fl. c. early 2nd century BC) was the historian whose lost work on the history of Tyre was used by Josephus, who quotes Menander's list of kings of Tyre in his apologia for the Jews, '' Against Apion'' (1.18). "This Menander wrote the Acts that were done both by the Greeks and Barbarians, under every one of the Tyrian kings, and had taken much pains to learn their history out of their own records." All records having been lost, this second-hand report is the basis for the traditional king-list. Menander, living in a city with a considerable population of Hellenized Jews, also seems to have written on the history of the Jews, often cited by Josephus. Sources The only extant sources for the writing of Menander are citations of his work found in Josephus's two works ''Antiquities of the Jews'' and '' Against Apion'', or in extracts from Josephus's works found in later writers. These later writers were Theophilus of Antioch, Eusebius of Caesarea, and George ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Against Apion
''Against Apion'' ( ''Peri ArchaiotÄtos IoudaiĆn Logos''; Latin ''Contra Apionem'' or ''In Apionem'') is a work written by Flavius Josephus (c.â37 CE â c.â100 CE ) as a defense of Judaism against criticism by the Egyptian author Apion. Josephus was a RomanâJewish historian, defector, and courtier to the emperors of the Flavian dynasty; Apion was a Hellenized Egyptian grammarian and sophist. The work is dated to after 94 CE. Purpose In the centuries of imperial conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean, first by Alexander and his successors (see Hellenistic period) and then by the Romans, a phenomenon arose among the literate elites of the various civilizations that were incorporated into the newly formed imperial states. This took the form of historians from different cultures (typically Egyptian, Jewish, or Greek) writing histories in the form of polemics, with each author claiming his own civilization as the world's oldest, a designation thatâto the authors a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frank Moore Cross
Frank Moore Cross Jr. (July 13, 1921 â October 16, 2012) was the Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages at Harvard University, notable for his work in the interpretation of the Dead Sea Scrolls, his 1973 '' magnum opus'' ''Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic'', and his work in Northwest Semitic epigraphy. Many of his essays on the latter topic have since been collected in ''Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook''. Early life and education Cross was born on July 13, 1921, in Ross, California. He was the son of Frank Moore Cross, a long-time pastor of Ensley Highland Presbyterian Church in Birmingham, Alabama. One of his uncles, Laurance L. Cross, was mayor of Berkeley, California, from 1947 to 1955. Cross graduated from Ensley High School in 1938.Garrison, Greg (March 20, 2010). "Old Ensley Highland Presbyterian organ reclaimed from empty church". '' The Birmingham News'' He received a BA from Maryville College in 1942 and a BD from McCormick Theological Sem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dido (Queen Of Carthage)
Dido ( ; , ), also known as Elissa ( , ), was the legendary founder and first queen of the Phoenician city-state of Carthage (located in Tunisia), in 814 BC. In most accounts, she was the queen of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre (located in Lebanon) who fled tyranny to found her own city in northwest Africa. Known only through ancient Greek and Roman sources, all of which were written well after Carthage's founding, her historicity remains uncertain. The oldest references to Dido are attributed to Timaeus, who lived in Taormina in Sicily, and died around 260 BC, which is about five centuries after the date given for the foundation of Carthage. Timaeus told the legends surrounding the founding of Carthage by Dido in his Sicilian ''History''. By his account, Dido founded Carthage in 814 BC, around the same time as the foundation of Rome, and he alluded to the growing conflict between the two cities in his own day. Details about Dido's character, life, and role in the foun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pygmalion Of Tyre
Pygmalion (Ancient Greek: ; Latin: ) was king of Tyre, Lebanon, Tyre from 831 to 785 BCE and a son of King Mattan I (840â832 BC). During Pygmalion's reign, Tyre seems to have shifted the heart of its trading empire from the Middle East to the Mediterranean, as can be judged from the building of new colonies including Kition on Cyprus, Sardinia (see Nora Stone discussion below), and, according to tradition, Carthage. For the story surrounding the founding of Carthage, see Dido (Queen of Carthage), Dido. Name The Latin spelling represents the Ancient Greek, Greek . The Greek form of the name has been identified as representing the Phoenician language, Phoenician ''Pumayyaton'' (or ). This name is recorded epigraphically, as , , a theophoric name interpreted as meaning "Pummay has given". This historical ''Pumayyaton'' however, was a Cypriot "king of Kition, Idalion and Tamassos", not of Tyre, and lived several centuries after Pygmalion of Tyre's supposed lifetime. Sever ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
