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Persianate Society
A Persianate society is a society that is based on or strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art and/or identity. The term "Persianate" is a neologism credited to Marshall Hodgson. In his 1974 book, ''The Venture of Islam: The expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods'', he defined it thus: "The rise of Persian had more than purely literary consequences: it served to carry a new overall cultural orientation within Islamdom.... Most of the more local languages of high culture that later emerged among Muslims... depended upon Persian wholly or in part for their prime literary inspiration. We may call all these cultural traditions, carried in Persian or reflecting Persian inspiration, 'Persianate' by extension."Hodgson says, "It could even be said that Islamicate civilization, historically, is divisible in the more central areas into an earlier 'caliphal' and a later 'Persianate' phase; with variants in the outlying regions—Maghrib, Sudanic lands, Southern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sleeping Rustam
Sleep is a state of reduced mental and physical activity in which consciousness is altered and certain Sensory nervous system, sensory activity is inhibited. During sleep, there is a marked decrease in muscle activity and interactions with the surrounding environment. While sleep differs from wakefulness in terms of the ability to react to Stimulus (physiology), stimuli, it still involves active Human brain, brain patterns, making it more reactive than a coma or disorders of consciousness. Sleep occurs in sleep cycle, repeating periods, during which the body alternates between two distinct modes: rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and Non-rapid eye movement sleep, non-REM sleep. Although REM stands for "rapid eye movement", this mode of sleep has many other aspects, including virtual Rapid eye movement sleep#Muscle, paralysis of the body. Dreams are a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Dynasty
The Ottoman dynasty () consisted of the members of the imperial House of Osman (), also known as the Ottomans (). According to Ottoman tradition, the family originated from the Kayı tribe branch of the Oghuz Turks, under the leadership of Osman I in northwestern Anatolia in the district of Bilecik, Söğüt. The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922. During much of the Empire's history, the sultan was the absolute regent, head of state, and head of government, though much of the power often shifted to other officials such as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, Grand Vizier. During the First Constitutional Era, First (1876–78) and Second Constitutional Eras (1908–20) of the late Empire, a shift to a constitutional monarchy was enacted, with the Grand Vizier taking on a prime ministerial role as head of government and heading an elected General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire, General Assembly. The imperial family was deposed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kakuyids
The Kakuyids (also called Kakwayhids, Kakuwayhids or Kakuyah) () were a Shia Muslim dynasty of Daylamite origin that held power in western Persia, Jibal and Kurdistan (c. 1008–c. 1051). They later became ''atabegs'' (governors) of Yazd, Isfahan and Abarkuh from c. 1051 to 1141. They were related to the Buyids. Origins Scholars state that the Kakuyids were Daylamites, and relatives of Sayyida Shirin, who was from the Daylamite Bavand dynasty. History The founder of the Kakuyid dynasty was Ala al-Dawla Muhammad, a Daylamites, Daylamite military leader under the service of the Buyid dynasty, Buyid amirate of Jibal. His father, Rustam Dushmanziyar, had also served the Buyids, and was given lands in the Alborz to protect them against the local rulers of the neighbouring region of Tabaristan. Rustam was the uncle of Sayyida Shirin, a princess from the Bavand dynasty who was married to the Buyid ''amir'' (ruler) Fakhr al-Dawla (). Because of this connection, Ala al-Dawla Muhamm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rawadid Dynasty
Rawwadid, Ravvadid (also Revend or Revendi), or Banū Rawwād () (900–1071) was a Sunni Muslim Kurdish dynasty, centered in the northwestern region of Adharbayjan (Azerbaijan) between the late 8th and early 13th centuries. Originally of Arab descent, and later Kurdified or of full Kurdish descent. The Rawadids ruled Tabriz and northeastern Adharbayjan in the late 8th and early 9th centuries. In the second half of the 10th century and much of the 11th century, these descendants controlled much of Adharbayjan as well as parts of Armenia. History Origin Several scholars (Bosworth, Kasravi, W. Madelung, D.McDowall) claim that the origin of the Rawadid dynasty was connected to the name of the tribal leader Rawad ibn Muthanna (ca. 200/815), who was the governor of Tabrīz, whilst Hugh Kennedy suggest mystery around their origins and not a clear connection to Banu Rawwad and suggest their origins plausibly being linked to Rawaddis Hadhabani Kurds. The majority scholars hold ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shaddadids
The Shaddadids were a Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurds, Kurdish origin. who ruled in various parts of Armenia and Arran (Caucasus), Arran from 951 to 1199 AD. They were established in Dvin (ancient city), Dvin. Through their long tenure in Armenia, they often intermarried with the Bagratuni dynasty, Bagratuni royal family of Armenia. They began ruling in the city of Dvin, and eventually ruled other major cities, such as Barda, Azerbaijan, Barda and Ganja, Azerbaijan, Ganja. A cadet line of the Shaddadids were given the cities of Ani and Tbilisi as a reward for their service to the Seljuk Empire, Seljuqs, to whom they became vassals. From 1047 to 1057, the Shaddadids were engaged in several wars against the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine army. The area between the rivers Kura (Caspian Sea), Kura and Aras (river), Aras was ruled by a Shaddadid dynasty. Origins The Shaddadids were of Kurdish origin, hailing from the Hadhabani (tribe), Hadhabani Tribe. The historian A. C. S. Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buyid Dynasty
The Buyid dynasty or Buyid Empire was a Zaydi and later Twelver Shi'a dynasty of Daylamite origin. Founded by Imad al-Dawla, they mainly ruled over central and southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062. Coupled with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, the approximate century of Buyid rule represents the period in Iranian history sometimes called the Iranian Intermezzo. The Buyid dynasty was founded by Ali ibn Buya, who in 934 conquered Fars and made Shiraz his capital. He received the ''laqab'' or honorific title of ''Imad al-Dawla'' (). His younger brother, Hasan ibn Buya () conquered parts of Jibal in the late 930s, and by 943 managed to capture Ray, which he made his capital. Hasan was given the ''laqab'' of ''Rukn al-Dawla'' (). In 945, the youngest brother, Ahmad ibn Buya, conquered Iraq and made Baghdad his capital. He was given the laqab Mu'izz al-Dawla. As Iranians of Daylamite provenance, the Buyids consciously revived symbols and practices of the Sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banu Ilyas
The Banu Ilyas () or Ilyasids were an Iranian dynasty of Sogdian origin which ruled Kerman from 932 until 968. Their capital was Bardasir. Muhammad b. Ilyas Abu 'Ali Muhammad b. Ilyas was a member of the Samanid army and was of Sogdian origin. He supported the failed 929 coup against the Samanid amir Nasr b. Ahmad. After the rebellion failed he fled south, eventually arriving at Kerman in 932. He managed to extend his control over the northern part of the province, while the southern and eastern mountainous portions remained under the control of the local Koch and Baloch . Despite Samanid and later Buyid attempts to expel him from Kerman, he succeeded in maintaining his rule there for over thirty years. He acknowledged either the Samanids or the Buyids as his overlords but was effectively independent. In 967 he suffered a stroke and was eventually compelled to abdicate in favor of his son Ilyasa. Ilyasa b. Muhammad Ilyasa b. Muhammad quickly angered the neighboring Buyids un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ziyarid Dynasty
The Ziyarid dynasty () was an Iranian peoples, Iranian dynasty of Gilaki people, Gilaki origin that ruled Tabaristan from 931 to 1090 during the Iranian Intermezzo period. The empire rose to prominence during the leadership of Mardavij. After his death, his brother Vushmgir and his Samanid Empire, Samanid allies led the dynasty in wrestling for control over territory against the Buyid dynasty, Buyids in the early- to mid-10th century. When Vushmgir died, his sons Bisutun and Qabus fought for influence. Qabus would eventually outlive his brother and ruled the kingdom. However, Qabus was placed in exile from 980 to 998 by the Buyid ruler, 'Adud al-Dawla, Adud al-Dawla who would then dominate Tabaristan, the heartland of Ziyarid power. A succession of other rulers came to rule the kingdom with Ghaznavids, Ghaznavid support in the early 11th century. The Nizari Ismaili state invaded and ended Ziyarid rule in 1090. At its greatest extent, it ruled much of present-day western and northe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sallarid Dynasty
The Sallarid dynasty (), (also known as the Musafirids or Langarids) was a Muslim dynasty of Daylami origin, which ruled in Tarom, Samiran, Daylam, Gilan and subsequently Azerbaijan, Arran, and some districts in Eastern Armenia in the 2nd half of the 10th century. They constitute part of the period in history that has been named the Iranian Intermezzo, a period that saw the rise of native Iranian dynasties during the 9th to the 11th centuries. Early years The Sallarids were Daylamites who, probably in the later 9th century, gained control of Shamiran, a mountain stronghold about twenty-five miles north of Zanjan. From Shamiran they established their rule over the surrounding region of Tarom. The Sallarids also established marriage ties with the neighboring Justanid dynasty of Rudbar. Muhammad bin Musafir In the early 10th century, the Sallarid in control of Shamiran was Muhammad bin Musafir. He married a Justanid and subsequently involved himself in their internal affair ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sajid Dynasty
The Sajid dynasty (, also known as Banu Saj) was an Iranian Muslim dynasty that ruled from 889/890 until 929. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil. The Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian) descent and culturally Arabised, . Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890. Muhammad's father Abu'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs. Toward the end of the tenth century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state. Much of the Sajids' energies were spent in attempting to take control of neighboring Armenia. The dynasty ended with the death of Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath in 929. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alid Dynasties Of Northern Iran
Alid dynasties of northern Iran or Alavids (). In the 9th–10th centuries, the northern Iranian regions of Tabaristan, Daylam and Gilan, sandwiched between the Caspian Sea and the Alborz range, came under the rule of a number of Arab Alid dynasties, espousing the Zaydi branch of Shia Islam. The first and most powerful Zaydi emirate was established in Tabaristan in 864 and lasted until 928. It was interrupted by Samanid occupation in 900, but restored in 914 by another Alid branch. The second period of the Alid emirate was plagued by internal dissensions and power struggles between the two branches, and ended in the second conquest of the region by the Samanids in 928. Subsequently, some of the soldiers and generals of the Alavids joined the Samanids, among them Mardavij, founder of the Ziyarid dynasty, and the three sons of Buya ( Ali, Hassan and Ahmad), founders of the Buyid dynasty. Local Zaydi rulers survived in Daylam and Gilan until the 16th century. List of Zaydi emir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saffarid Dynasty
The Saffarid dynasty () was a Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian origin that ruled over parts of Persia, Greater Khorasan, and eastern Makran from 861 to 1002. One of the first indigenous Persian dynasties to emerge after the Islamic conquest, the Saffarid dynasty was part of the Iranian Intermezzo. The dynasty's founder was Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar, who was born in 840 in a small town called Karnin (Qarnin), which was located east of Zaranj and west of Bost, in what is now Afghanistan. A native of Sistan and a local '' ayyār'', Ya'qub worked as a coppersmith (''ṣaffār'') before becoming a warlord. He seized control of the Sistan region and began conquering most of Iran and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Saffarids used their capital Zaranj as a base for an aggressive expansion eastward and westward. They first invaded the areas south of the Hindu Kush, and then overthrew the Tahirid dynasty, annexing Khorasan in 873. By th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
