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Pentium 4 HT
The Pentium 4 was a seventh-generation CPU from Intel targeted at the consumer and enterprise markets. It is based on the NetBurst microarchitecture. Desktop processors Pentium 4 Willamette (180 nm) * Intel Family 15 Model 1 * All models support: '' MMX, SSE, SSE2'' * Transistors: 42 million * Die size: 217 mm2 * Steppings: B2, C1, D0, E0 Northwood (130 nm) * Intel Family 15 Model 2 * All models support: '' MMX, SSE, SSE2'' * Model SL68R has box version only, supplied with unattached fan heatsink. * Transistors: 55 million * Die size: 146 mm2 (B0 pre-shrink) and 131 mm2 (B0 Shrink, C1, D1) * Steppings: B0, C1, D1, M0 Prescott (90 nm) * Intel Family 15 ''Model 3'' (C0, D0), Intel Family 15 ''Model 4'' (E0, G1) * All models support: '' MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3'' * ''Intel 64'': supported by 5x6, 511 and 519K * ''XD bit (an NX bit implementation)'': supported by 5x5J, 5x6, 511, 519J and 519K * Transistors: 125 million * Die size: 112& ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pentium 4
Pentium 4 is a series of single-core central processing unit, CPUs for Desktop computer, desktops, laptops and entry-level Server (computing), servers manufactured by Intel. The processors were shipped from November 20, 2000 until August 8, 2008. All Pentium 4 CPUs are based on the NetBurst microarchitecture, the successor to the P6 (microarchitecture), P6. The Pentium 4 #Willamette, Willamette (180 nm) introduced SSE2, while the #Prescott, Prescott (90 nm) introduced SSE3 and later 64-bit technology. Later versions introduced Hyper-threading, Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT). The first Pentium 4-branded processor to implement x86-64, 64-bit was the Prescott (90 nm) (February 2004), but this feature was not enabled. Intel subsequently began selling 64-bit Pentium 4s using the ''"E0" revision'' of the Prescotts, being sold on the OEM market as the Pentium 4, model F. The E0 revision also adds eXecute Disable (XD) (Intel's name for the NX bit) to Intel 64. Int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NX Bit
The NX bit (no-execute bit) is a processor feature that separates areas of a virtual address space (the memory layout a program uses) into sections for storing data or program instructions. An operating system supporting the NX bit can mark certain areas of the virtual address space as non-executable, preventing the processor from running any code stored there. This technique, known as executable space protection or Write XOR Execute, protects computers from malicious software that attempts to insert harmful code into another program’s data storage area and execute it, such as in a buffer overflow attack. The term "NX bit" was introduced by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) as a marketing term. Intel markets this feature as the XD bit (execute disable), while the MIPS architecture refers to it as the XI bit (execute inhibit). In the ARM architecture, introduced in ARMv6, it is known as XN (execute never). The term NX bit is often used broadly to describe similar executable space p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Intel Pentium Processors
The Intel Pentium brand was a line of mainstream x86-architecture microprocessors from Intel. Processors branded Pentium Processor with MMX Technology (and referred to as P5 (microarchitecture)#MMX, Pentium MMX for brevity) are also listed here. It was replaced by the Intel Processor brand in 2023. Desktop processors P5 based Pentiums "P5" (800 nm) * Based on P5 (microarchitecture), P5 * Stepping level, Steppings: B1, C1, D1 (Note: D1 stepping processors do not have FDIV bug) "P54C" (600 nm) * Based on P5 (microarchitecture), P5 microarchitecture * Steppings: B1, B3, B5, C2, E0 (Note: D1 stepping processors do not have FDIV bug) "P54CQS" (350 nm) * Based on P5 (microarchitecture), P5 microarchitecture "P54CS" (350 nm) * Based on P5 (microarchitecture), P5 microarchitecture "P55C" (350 nm) * Based on P5 (microarchitecture), P5 microarchitecture P6 based Pentiums Desktop processors based on the P6 (microarchitecture), P6 mic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermal Monitor 2
Thermal Monitor 2 (TM2) is a throttling control method used on LGA 775 versions of the Core 2, Pentium Dual-Core, Pentium D, Pentium 4 and Celeron processors and also on the Pentium M series of processors. TM2 reduces processor temperature by lowering the CPU clock multiplier, and thereby the processor core speed. In contrast, Thermal Monitor 1 inserts an idle Idle generally refers to idleness, a lack of motion or energy. Idle or ''idling'', may also refer to: Technology * Idle (engine), engine running without load ** Idle speed * Idle (CPU), CPU non-utilisation or low-priority mode ** Synchronou ... cycle into the CPU for thermal control without decreasing multipliers. TM1 and TM2 are associated with DTS/PECI — Digital Temperature Sensor/ Platform Environment Control Interface. References Intel microprocessors {{Computer-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clock Multiplier
In computing, the clock multiplier (or CPU multiplier or bus/core ratio) sets the ratio of an internal CPU clock rate to the externally supplied clock. This may be implemented with phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency multiplier circuitry. A CPU with a 10x multiplier will thus see 10 internal cycles for every external clock cycle. For example, a system with an external clock of 100 MHz and a 36x clock multiplier will have an internal CPU clock of 3.6 GHz. The external address and data buses of the CPU (often collectively termed front side bus (FSB) in PC contexts) also use the external clock as a fundamental timing base; however, they could also employ a (small) multiple of this base frequency (typically two or four) to transfer data faster. The internal frequency of microprocessors is usually based on FSB frequency. To calculate internal frequency the CPU multiplies bus frequency by a number called the clock multiplier. For calculation, the CPU uses actual bus frequency, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stepping Level
In integrated circuits, the stepping level or revision level is a version number that refers to the introduction or revision of one or more photolithographic photomasks within the set of photomasks that is used to pattern an integrated circuit. The term originated from the name of the equipment ( "steppers") that exposes the photoresist to light. Integrated circuits have two primary classes of mask sets: firstly, "base" layers that are used to build the structures, such as transistors, that comprise circuit logic and, secondly, "metal" layers that connect the circuit logic. Typically, when an integrated circuit manufacturer such as Intel or AMD produces a new stepping (i.e. a revision to the masks), it is because it has found bugs in the logic, has made improvements to the design that permit faster processing, has found a way to increase yield or improve the "bin splits" (i.e. create faster transistors and thus faster CPUs), has improved maneuverability to more easily identify m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maximum PC
''Maximum PC'', formerly known as ''boot'', was an American magazine and website published by Future US. It focuses on cutting-edge PC hardware, with an emphasis on product reviews, step-by-step tutorials, and in-depth technical briefs. Component coverage areas include CPUs, motherboards, core-logic chipsets, memory, videocards, mechanical hard drives, solid-state drives, optical drives, cases, component cooling, and anything else to do with recent tech news. Additional hardware coverage is directed at smartphones, tablet computers, cameras and other consumer electronic devices that interface with consumer PCs. Software coverage focuses on games, anti-virus suites, content-editing programs, and other consumer-level applications. Prior to September 1998, the magazine was called ''boot''. ''boot'' and sister magazine ''MacAddict'' (now ''Mac'', ''Life'') launched in September 1996, when Future US shut down '' CD-ROM Today''. In March 2016, Future US announced that the ''Maximum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AnandTech
''AnandTech'' was an online computer hardware magazine owned by Future plc. It was founded in April 1997 by then-14-year-old Anand Lal Shimpi, who was CEO and editor-in-chief until August 2014, with Ryan Smith replacing him as editor-in-chief. The website was a source of hardware reviews for off-the-shelf components and exhaustive benchmarking, targeted towards computer-building enthusiasts, but later expanded to cover mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Some of their articles on mass-market products such as mobile phones were syndicated by CNNMoney. The large accompanying forum is recommended by some books for bargain hunting in the technology field. AnandTech was acquired by Purch on 17 December 2014. Purch was acquired by Future in 2018. On August 30, 2024, the publication shut down. The content of the website was said to be preserved, but no new articles or reviews would be published. The AnandTech forums would continue to operate. History In its early s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SpeedStep
Enhanced SpeedStep is a series of dynamic frequency scaling technologies (codenamed Geyserville and including SpeedStep, SpeedStep II, and SpeedStep III) built into some Intel's microprocessors that allow the clock speed of the processor to be dynamically changed (to different ''P-states'') by software. This allows the processor to meet the instantaneous performance needs of the operation being performed, while minimizing power draw and heat generation. EIST (SpeedStep III) was introduced in several Prescott 6 series in the first quarter of 2005, namely the Pentium 4 660. Intel Speed Shift Technology (SST) was introduced in Intel Skylake Processor. Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology is sometimes abbreviated as EIST. Intel's trademark of "Intel SpeedStep" was canceled due to the trademark being invalidated in 2012. Explanation Running a processor at high clock speeds allows for better performance. However, when the same processor is run at a lower frequency (speed), it gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intel VT-x
x86 virtualization is the use of hardware-assisted virtualization capabilities on an x86/x86-64 CPU. In the late 1990s x86 virtualization was achieved by complex software techniques, necessary to compensate for the processor's lack of hardware-assisted virtualization capabilities while attaining reasonable performance. In 2005 and 2006, both Intel (VT-x) and AMD (AMD-V) introduced limited hardware virtualization support that allowed simpler virtualization software but offered very few speed benefits. Greater hardware support, which allowed substantial speed improvements, came with later processor models. Software-based virtualization The following discussion focuses only on virtualization of the x86 architecture protected mode. In protected mode the operating system kernel runs at a higher privilege such as ring 0, and applications at a lower privilege such as ring 3. In software-based virtualization, a host OS has direct access to hardware while the guest OSs have limited acc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Register
''The Register'' (often also called El Reg) is a British Technology journalism, technology news website co-founded in 1994 by Mike Magee (journalist), Mike Magee and John Lettice. The online newspaper's Nameplate_(publishing), masthead Logo, sublogo is "''Biting the hand that feeds IT''." The publication's primary focus is information technology news and opinions. Situation Publishing Ltd is the site's publisher. Drew Cullen is an owner and Linus Birtles is the managing director. Andrew Orlowski was the executive editor before leaving the website in May 2019. History ''The Register'' was founded in London as an email newsletter called ''Chip Connection''. In 1998 ''The Register'' became a daily online news source. Magee left in 2001 to start competing publications ''The Inquirer'', and later the ''IT Examiner'' and ''TechEye''. In 2002, ''The Register'' expanded to have a presence in London and San Francisco, creating ''The Register USA'' at theregus.com through a joint ventu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CPU Socket
In computer hardware, a CPU socket or CPU slot contains one or more mechanical components providing mechanical and electrical connections between a microprocessor and a printed circuit board (PCB). This allows for placing and replacing the central processing unit (CPU) without soldering. Common sockets have retention clips that apply a constant force, which must be overcome when a device is inserted. For chips with many pins, zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets are preferred. Common sockets include pin grid array (PGA) or land grid array (LGA). These designs apply a compression force once either a handle (PGA type) or a surface plate (LGA type) is put into place. This provides superior mechanical retention while avoiding the risk of bending pins when inserting the chip into the socket. Certain devices use Ball Grid Array (BGA) sockets, although these require soldering and are generally not considered user replaceable. CPU sockets are used on the motherboard in desktop and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
