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Pegol
Pegol is a term used in generic names for pharmaceutical drugs to indicate the presence of a polyethylene glycol attachment (pegylation). The term is used for monoclonal antibodies and engineered proteins as well as for small molecules. The purpose of the pegylation is to extend the half-life of the drug. Examples include: * Alacizumab pegol * Calaspargase pegol * Certolizumab pegol * Etirinotecan pegol * Lulizumab pegol Lulizumab pegol (INN; development code BMS-931699) is a monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lulizumab Pegol
Lulizumab pegol (INN; development code BMS-931699) is a monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. ''''. This drug was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb
The Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, doing business as Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), is an American multinational pharmaceutical company. Headquartered in Princeton, ...
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Polyethylene Glycol
Polyethylene glycol (PEG; ) is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine. PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH. PEG is commonly incorporated into hydrogels which present a functional form for further use. Uses Medical uses * Pharmaceutical-grade PEG is used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products, in oral, topical, and parenteral dosage forms. * PEG is the basis of a number of laxatives (as ''MiraLax, RestoraLAX, MoviPrep, etc.''). Whole bowel irrigation with polyethylene glycol and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy or for children with constipation. Macrogol (with brand names such as Laxido, Movicol and Miralax) is the generic name for polyethylene glycol used as a laxative. The name may be followed by a number th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pegylation
PEGylation (or pegylation) is the process of both covalent and non-covalent attachment or amalgamation of polyethylene glycol (PEG, in pharmacy called macrogol) polymer chains to molecules and macrostructures, such as a drug, therapeutic protein or vesicle, which is then described as PEGylated. PEGylation affects the resulting derivatives or aggregates interactions, which typically slows down their coalescence and degradation as well as elimination in vivo. PEGylation is routinely achieved by the incubation of a reactive derivative of PEG with the target molecule. The covalent attachment of PEG to a drug or therapeutic protein can "mask" the agent from the host's immune system (reducing immunogenicity and antigenicity), and increase its hydrodynamic size (size in solution), which prolongs its circulatory time by reducing renal clearance. PEGylation can also provide water solubility to hydrophobic drugs and proteins. Having proven its pharmacological advantages and acceptability, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoclonal Antibodies
A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a Lineage (evolution), cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies are identical and can thus have Valence (chemistry), monovalent affinity, binding only to a particular epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies are mixtures of antibodies derived from multiple plasma cell lineages which each bind to their particular target epitope. Artificial antibodies known as bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered which include two different antigen binding sites (Fragment antigen-binding region, FABs) on the same antibody. It is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to almost any suitable substance; they can then serve to detect or purify it. This capability has become an investigative tool in b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein Engineering
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins through the design and production of unnatural polypeptides, often by altering amino acid sequences found in nature. It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles. It has been used to improve the function of many enzymes for industrial catalysis. It is also a product and services market, with an estimated value of $168 billion by 2017. There are two general strategies for protein engineering: rational protein design and directed evolution. These methods are not mutually exclusive; researchers will often apply both. In the future, more detailed knowledge of protein structure and function, and advances in high-throughput screening, may greatly expand the abilities of protein engineering. Eventually, even unnatural amino acids may be included, via newer methods, such as expanded genetic code, that allow e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Small Molecule
In molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule or micromolecule is a low molecular weight (≤ 1000 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm. Many drugs are small molecules; the terms are equivalent in the literature. Larger structures such as nucleic acids and proteins, and many polysaccharides are not small molecules, although their constituent monomers (ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides, respectively) are often considered small molecules. Small molecules may be used as research tools to probe biological function as well as leads in the development of new therapeutic agents. Some can inhibit a specific function of a protein or disrupt protein–protein interactions. Pharmacology usually restricts the term "small molecule" to molecules that bind specific biological macromolecules and act as an effector, altering the activity or function of the target. Small molecules can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Half-life
Biological half-life (elimination half-life, pharmacological half-life) is the time taken for concentration of a drug, biological substance (such as a medication) to decrease from its maximum concentration (chemistry), concentration (Cmax (pharmacology), Cmax) to half of Cmax in the blood plasma. It is denoted by the abbreviation t_. This is used to measure the removal of things such as metabolites, drugs, and signalling molecules from the body. Typically, the biological half-life refers to the body's natural detoxification (cleansing) through liver metabolism and through the excretion of the measured substance through the kidneys and intestines. This concept is used when the rate of removal is roughly Exponential function, exponential. In a medical context, half-life explicitly describes the time it takes for the blood plasma concentration of a substance to halve (''plasma half-life'') its steady-state when circulating in the full blood of an organism. This measurement is usefu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alacizumab Pegol
Alacizumab pegol is an antineoplastic agent. Chemically, it is a pegylated F(ab')2 fragment of a monoclonal antibody A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodie .... ''World Health Organization''. References [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calaspargase Pegol
Calaspargase pegol, sold under the brand name Asparlas, is a medication for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is approved in the United States as a component of a multi-agent chemotherapeutic regimen for ALL in pediatric and young adult patients aged one month to 21 years. Calaspargase pegol is an engineered protein consisting of the ''E. coli''-derived enzyme L-asparaginase II conjugated with succinimidyl carbonate monomethoxypolyethylene glycol ( pegol). The L-asparaginase portion hydrolyzes L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid depriving the tumor cell of the L-asparagine it needs for survival. The conjugation with the pegol group increases the half-life of the drug making it longer acting. The most common (incidence ≥ 10%) grade ≥ 3 adverse reactions are elevated transaminase, increased bilirubin, pancreatitis, and abnormal clotting studies. History In December 2018, calaspargase pegol-mknl was approved in the United States as a component of a multi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Etirinotecan Pegol
Etirinotecan pegol (trade name Onzeald) is a drug developed by Nektar Therapeutics for the treatment of certain kinds of breast cancer with brain metastases. The European Medicines Agency refused to grant it a marketing authorisation in 2017. It works as a topoisomerase I inhibitor. Chemically, it consists of four units of irinotecan (a topoisomerase I inhibitor in use since the late 1990s) linked by carboxymethyl glycine and polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains to a central pentaerythritol ether, resulting in a much longer biological half-life (38 days) than that of irinotecan. It is formulated as a dihydrochloride and with 1.2 units of trifluoroacetate Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a synthetic organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CF3CO2H. It belongs to the subclass of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) known as ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). TFA is not p .... References Topoisomerase inhibitors {{antineoplastic-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and Engineering Science, engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services. Specialists in the field are known as biotechnologists. The term ''biotechnology'' was first used by Károly Ereky in 1919 to refer to the production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms. The core principle of biotechnology involves harnessing biological systems and organisms, such as bacteria, yeast, and plants, to perform specific tasks or produce valuable substances. Biotechnology had a significant impact on many areas of society, from medicine to agriculture to environmental science. One of the key techniques used in biotechnology is genetic engineering, which allows scientists to modify the genetic makeup of organisms to achieve desired outcomes. This can involve inserting genes from one organism into another, and con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
