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Pavel Litvinov
Pavel Mikhailovich Litvinov (; born 6 July 1940) is a Russian-born U.S. physicist, writer, teacher, Human rights movement in the Soviet Union, human rights activist and former Soviet dissidents, Soviet-era dissident. Biography The grandson of Ivy Low and Maxim Litvinov, Joseph Stalin's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union), foreign minister during the 1930s, Pavel Litvinov was raised amongst the Soviet Union, Soviet elite. As a schoolboy, he was devoted to the Cult of personality, cult of Stalin, and was tapped, unsuccessfully, by the KGB to report on his parents Flora and Misha Litvinov (a story that is related by the journalist David Remnick in his book ''Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire, Lenin's Tomb''). After the Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 and the return of family friends from the labour camps, Pavel grew disillusioned with the Soviet system. He had a short-lived marriage when he was seventeen. In his twenties ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Litvinov
Litvinov or Litvinoff () is a Russian surname derived from the term ''Litvin'', meaning Lithuania, Lithuanian person (Litva/Литвa). The female form of this surname is Litvinova (). Notable persons with that name include: Litvinov * Alexander Litvinov (1853–1932), Russian general in the Imperial Russian Army and the Red Army * Venya D'rkin (stage name – real name Alexander Litvinov, 1970–1999), bard musician, artist, and storyteller * David Litvinoff (AKA David Litvinov, 1928–1975), consultant for the British film industry who traded on his knowledge of the low life of the East End of London * Dmitry Litvinov (1854–1929), Russian botanist * Emanuel Litvinoff (1915–2011), British writer and editor * Eugene Litvinov (1950–2020), American engineer * Ivy Low Litvinov (1889–1977), English-Russian writer and translator * Juri Litvinov (born 1978), Kazakhstani figure skater * Maxim Litvinov (1876–1951), Soviet diplomat * Pavel Litvinov (born 1940), Soviet physicist, wr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cult Of Personality
A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader,Cas Mudde, Mudde, Cas and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) ''Populism: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63. is the result of an effort which is made to create an idealized and heroic image of a admirable leader, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. Historically, it has been developed through techniques such as the manipulation of the mass media, the dissemination of propaganda, the staging of spectacles, the manipulation of the arts, the instilling of patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies. A cult of personality is similar to apotheosis, except that it is established through the use of modern social engineering (political science), social engineering techniques, it is usually established by the state or the party in one-party states and dominant-party states. Cults of personality often accompany the leaders of totalitarian or authoritarian governments. They c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexey Dobrovolsky
Alexey Alexandrovich Dobrovolsky (; 13 October 1938 – 19 May 2013), also known as Dobroslav (), was a Soviet-Russian ideologue of Slavic neopaganism, a founder of Russian Rodnoverie, national anarchist, and Neo-Nazism, neo-Nazi. Dobrovolsky termed his ideology "Neo-Nazism#Russia, Russian National Socialism". He was the spiritual leader of the radical wing of Russian neopaganism and is characterized as an ideologue of Slavic national socialism. In the 1950s–1960s, he was a member of the Soviet dissidents, dissident movement of the USSR and the National Alliance of Russian Solidarists (NTS). Life Dobrovolsky's father was a descendant of Zaporozhian Cossacks and studied at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University, and his mother was a native Muscovite and an engineer-economist. Dobrovolsky grew up admiring Stalin and everything that was associated with him. From an early age, he participated in various dissident movements. After finishing secondary education, he attende ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuri Galanskov
Yuri Timofeyevich Galanskov (; 19 June 1939 – 4 November 1972) was a Russian poet, historian, human rights activist and dissident. For his political activities, such as founding and editing samizdat almanac '' Phoenix'', he was incarcerated in prisons, camps and forced treatment psychiatric hospitals ''( Psikhushkas)''. He died in a labor camp. Early publications Yuri Galanskov began his dissident activities in 1959, as a participant in the poetry readings in Mayakovsky Square. Several of his works were published in the samizdat anthology '' Sintaksis''. After Alexander Ginzburg was arrested in 1960 for publishing ''Sintaksis'', Yuri Galanskov became the leader of dissident publishing in the Soviet Union. Galanskov’s first publication, ''Phoenix'' came in 1961, and contained direct criticism of the Soviet government, partly in the form of poetry. ''Phoenix'' published works by Boris Pasternak, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Ivan Kharabarov, and Galanskov himself. As a punishmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Ginzburg
Alexander "Alik" Ilyich Ginzburg ( rus, Алекса́ндр Ильи́ч Ги́нзбург, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr ɨˈlʲjidʑ ˈɡʲinzbʊrk, a=Alyeksandr Il'yich Ginzburg.ru.vorb.oga; 21 November 1936 – 19 July 2002), was a Russian journalist, poet, human rights activist and dissident. Between 1961 and 1969 he was sentenced three times to labor camps. In 1979, Ginzburg was released and expelled to the United States, along with four other political prisoners (Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident), Eduard Kuznetsov, Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair, Mark Dymshits, Valentyn Moroz, Valentin Moroz, and Georgy Vins) and their families, as part of a prisoner exchange. Biography Ginzburg was born in Moscow to a Russian-Jewish family. He was relative (nephew) of Yevgenia Ginzburg and semi-orphan, Alexander Ginzburg. Ginzburg was educated in Moscow, and worked as a lathe operator and part time journalist after leaving school, then as an actor, but had to give up acting in 1959, after fallin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Trial Of The Four
''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with nouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as (homophone of the archaic pronoun ''thee' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Conquest
George Robert Acworth Conquest (15 July 19173 August 2015) was a British and American historian, poet, novelist, and propagandist. He was briefly a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain but later wrote several books condemning communism. A long-time research fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, Conquest was most notable for his work on the Soviet Union. His books included ''The Great Terror (book), The Great Terror: Stalin's Purges of the 1930s'' (1968); ''The Harvest of Sorrow, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine'' (1986); and ''Stalin: Breaker of Nations'' (1991). He was also the author of two novels and several collections of poetry. Early life and education Conquest was born in Great Malvern, Worcestershire, to an American father, Robert Folger Wescott Conquest, and an English mother, Rosamund Alys Acworth. His father served in an AFS Intercultural Programs, American Ambulance Field Service unit with the French Army ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Varlam Shalamov
Varlam Tikhonovich Shalamov (; 18 June 1907 – 17 January 1982), baptized as Varlaam, was a Russian writer, journalist, poet and Gulag survivor. He spent much of the period from 1937 to 1951 imprisoned in forced-labor camps in the Arctic region of Kolyma, due in part to his support of Leon Trotsky and praise of writer Ivan Bunin. In 1946, near death, he became a medical assistant while still a prisoner. He remained in that role for the duration of his sentence, then for another two years after being released, until 1953. From 1954 to 1978, he wrote a set of short stories about his experiences in the labor camps, which were collected and published in six volumes, collectively known as ''Kolyma Tales''. These books were initially published in the West, in English translation, starting in the 1960s; they were eventually published in the original Russian, but only became officially available in the Soviet Union in 1987, in the post-glasnost era. ''The Kolyma Tales'' are considere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn. (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Soviet and Russian author and Soviet dissidents, dissident who helped to raise global awareness of political repression in the Soviet Union, especially the Gulag prison system. He was awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature". His non-fiction work ''The Gulag Archipelago'' "amounted to a head-on challenge to the Soviet state" and sold tens of millions of copies. Solzhenitsyn was born into a family that defied the USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928), Soviet anti-religious campaign in the 1920s and remained devout members of the Russian Orthodox Church. However, he initially lost his faith in Christianity, became an atheist, and embraced Marxism–Leninism. While serving as a captain in the Red Army during World War II, Solzhenitsyn was arrested by SMERSH and sentenced to eight years in the Gulag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samizdat
Samizdat (, , ) was a form of dissident activity across the Eastern Bloc in which individuals reproduced censored and underground makeshift publications, often by hand, and passed the documents from reader to reader. The practice of manual reproduction was widespread, because printed texts could be traced back to the source. This was a grassroots practice used to evade official Soviet censorship. Name origin and variations Etymologically, the word ''samizdat'' derives from ''sam'' ( 'self, by oneself') and ''izdat'' (, an abbreviation of , 'publishing house'), and thus means 'self-published'. Ukrainian has a similar term: ''samvydav'' (самвидав), from ''sam'' 'self' and ''vydavnytstvo'' 'publishing house'. The Russian poet Nikolay Glazkov coined a version of the term as a pun in the 1940s when he typed copies of his poems and included the note ''Samsebyaizdat'' (Самсебяиздат, "Myself by Myself Publishers") on the front page. ''Tamizdat'' refers to lit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuli Daniel
Yuli Markovich Daniel ( rus, Ю́лий Ма́ркович Даниэ́ль, p=ˈjʉlʲɪj ˈmarkəvʲɪtɕ dənʲɪˈelʲ, a=Yuliy Markovich Daniel'.ru.vorb.oga; 15 November 1925 – 30 December 1988) was a Russian writer and Soviet dissident known as a defendant in the Sinyavsky–Daniel trial in 1966. Daniel wrote and translated works of stories and poetry critical of Soviet society under the pseudonyms Nikolay Arzhak ( rus, Никола́й Аржа́к, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɐrˈʐak, a=Nikolay Arzhak.ru.vorb.oga) and Yu. Petrov ( rus, Ю. Петро́в, p=ˈju pʲɪˈtrof, a=Yu Pyetrov.ru.vorb.oga) published in the West to avoid censorship in the Soviet Union. Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky were convicted of anti-Soviet agitation in a show trial, becoming the first Soviet writers convicted solely for their works and for fiction, serving five years at a labour camp. Early life and writing Yuli Daniel was born on 15 November 1925 in Moscow, Soviet Union, the son of the Rus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrei Sinyavsky
Andrei Donatovich Sinyavsky (; 8 October 1925 – 25 February 1997) was a Russian writer and Soviet dissident known as a defendant in the Sinyavsky–Daniel trial of 1965. Sinyavsky was a literary critic for ''Novy Mir'' and wrote works critical of Soviet society under the pseudonym Abram Tertz () published in the West to avoid censorship in the Soviet Union. Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel were convicted of Anti-Soviet agitation in a show trial, becoming the first Soviet writers convicted solely for their works and for fiction, and served six years at a labour camp. Sinyavsky emigrated to France in 1973 where he became a professor of Russian literature and published numerous autobiographical and retrospective works. Early life and education Andrei Donatovich Sinyavsky was born on 8 October 1925 in Moscow, the son of Donat Evgenievich Sinyavsky, a Russian nobleman from Syzran who became a member of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, and a mother of a Russian peasant background. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
