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Patriarch Paul II Of Constantinople
Paul II of Constantinople (Greek: Παῦλος; died 27 December 653) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1 October 641 to his death. He assumed regency for Byzantine emperor Constans II after a succession crisis in 641. Stephanos of Clypea (now Kelibia, in Tunisia) appears to have served as secretary/scribe of Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople (641–653) against the Monothelites, in 646. He was succeeded by Peter of Constantinople. Paul II was elevated at the accession of the Byzantine emperor Constans II, who succeeded Heraclius Constantine, and just shortly before the pontificate of Pope Theodore I. Paul II became patriarch at a time when monophysitism was fragmenting the Byzantine Church. At first, he declared his adherence to Orthodox Christology, then (646–647) accepted the compromise position of monothelitism put forward by his predecessors, Patriarchs Sergius I of Constantinople and Pyrrhus of Constantinople. In 648 he backed with his authorit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Ecumenical Patriarchs Of Constantinople
The following is a chronological list of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, bishops and ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople. The historical data on the first 25 bishops is limited with modern scholars debating their authenticity. The Foundation of the See by Andrew the Apostle is met with similar amounts of skepticism with scholars believing it to be a later tradition. The list is mostly based on the compilation made by Demetrius Kiminas, but there is no single "official" numbering of bishops. The official website of the patriarchate has a list of holders but gives them no numeral. Bishops of Byzantium (until 330 AD) *1. St. Andrew the Apostle, Andrew the Apostle (36–38), founder *2. St. Stachys the Apostle, Stachys the Apostle (38–54) *3. St. Onesimus (54–68) *4. Polycarpus I of Byzantium, Polycarpus I (69–89) *5. Plutarch of Byzantium, Plutarch (89–105) *6. Sedecion of Byzantium, Sedecion (105–114) *7. Diogenes of Byzantium, Diogenes (114–129) *8. Ele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Of Constantinople
Peter of Constantinople (Greek: Πέτρος; died 12 October 666) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 9 June 654 to 666. He was condemned as a heretic in the Third Council of Constantinople. He was succeeded as ecumenical patriarch by Thomas II of Constantinople. Peter succeeded patriarch Pyrrhus who also was a Monothelite. In correspondence with Pope Vitalian of Rome following Vitalian's ascension to the see of Rome, Peter was noncommittal concerning Monothelitism, leading to a restoration of ecclesiastical intercourse between Rome and Constantinople. This resulted the addition of Vitalian's name on the diptychs of the church in Constantinople – the only name of a pope so entered between the reign of Pope Honorius I, who died in 638, and 677 when Patriarch Theodore I of Constantinople removed the pope's name prior to the Third Council of Constantinople. At the council Peter was condemned as a heretic along with Patriarchs Sergius I, Pyrrhus and Paul II al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third Council Of Constantinople
The Third Council of Constantinople, counted as the Sixth Ecumenical Council by the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches, and by certain other Western Churches, met in 680–681 and condemned monoenergism and monothelitism as heretical and defined Jesus Christ as having two energies and two wills (divine and human). George Ostrogorsky, ''History of the Byzantine State'' (Rutgers University Press, 1995), 127. Background The council settled a set of theological controversies that went back to the sixth century but had intensified under the emperors Heraclius () and Constans II (). Heraclius had set out to recover much of the part of his empire lost to the Persians and had attempted to bridge the controversy with monophysitism, which was particularly strong in Syria and Egypt, by proposing a moderate theological position that had as good support in the tradition as any other. The result was first monoenergism, i.e., that Christ, though existing in two natures (divine and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chersonesus
Chersonesus, contracted in medieval Greek to Cherson (), was an Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea, ancient Greek Greek colonization, colony founded approximately 2,500 years ago in the southwestern part of the Crimean Peninsula. Settlers from Heraclea Pontica in Bithynia established the colony in the 6th century BC. The ancient city was located on the shore of the Black Sea on the outskirts of present-day Sevastopol on the Crimean Peninsula, where it is referred to as ''Khersones''. The site is part of the ''National Preserve of Tauric Chersonesos''. The name ''Chersonesos'' in Greek means "peninsula" and aptly describes the site on which the colony was established. It should not be confused with the ''Tauric Chersonese'', a name often applied to the whole of the southern Crimea. During much of the classical period, Chersonesus operated as a democracy ruled by a group of elected archons and a council called the ''Damiorgi''. As time passed, the government grew more oligarchic, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Martin I
Pope Martin I (, ; between 590 and 600 – 16 September 655), also known as Martin the Confessor, was the bishop of Rome from 21 July 649 to his death 16 September 655. He had served as Pope Theodore I's ambassador to Constantinople, and was papal selection before 1059, elected to succeed him as pope. He was the only pope when Byzantine Papacy, Constantinople controlled the papacy whose election had not awaited imperial mandate. For his strong opposition to Monothelitism, Pope Martin I was arrested by Emperor Constans II, carried off to Constantinople, and ultimately banished to Cherson (theme), Cherson. He is considered a saint by both the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as the last pope List of popes who died violently#Martyr popes, recognised as a martyr. Early life and career Martin was born near Todi, Umbria, in the place nowadays named after him: Pian di San Martino, close to Todi. According to his biographer Theodore, Martin was of noble birth, of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergius I Of Constantinople
Sergius I of Constantinople (, ''Sergios''; died 9 December 638) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 610 to 638. He is most famous for promoting Monothelitism Christianity, especially through the ''Ecthesis''. Sergius I was born of Syrian Jacobite heritage. He first came to power as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in 610. He was also a known supporter of Emperor Heraclius, crowning Heraclius as emperor himself in 610. Sergius I also provided support to Heraclius throughout his campaign against the Persians. Sergius I also played a prominent role in the defense of Constantinople against the combined Avar- Persian- Slavic forces during their invasion of Constantinople in 626. Sergius I's connections to both political and religious authorities gave him to his influence in both the religious and political communities to further Monoenergism as the primary formula of Christ within the church. This was met with much opposition, especially from that of the Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Theodore I
Pope Theodore I (; died 14 May 649) was the bishop of Rome from 24 November 642 to his death on 14 May 649. His pontificate was dominated by the struggle with Monothelitism. Early career According to the ''Liber Pontificalis'', Theodore was a Greek man from Jerusalem whose father, Theodore, had been a bishop in the city; he is the only pope to have been a native of that city. He was among the many Syrian clergy who fled to Rome following the Muslim conquest of the Levant. He was made a cardinal deacon possibly around 640 and a full cardinal by Pope John IV. Pontificate Theodore I's election was supported by the exarch of Ravenna, who governed Italy in the name of the emperor in Constantinople. He was installed on 24 November 642, succeeding John IV. The main focus of his pontificate was the continued struggle against the heretical Monothelites. He refused to recognize Paul II as the patriarch of Constantinople because Paul's predecessor, Pyrrhus I, had not been correctly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heraclius Constantine
Heraclius Constantine (; ; 3 May 612 – 25 May 641), often enumerated as Constantine III, was one of the shortest reigning Byzantine emperors, ruling for three months in 641. He was the eldest son of Emperor Heraclius and his first wife Fabia Eudokia. Reign Constantine was crowned co-emperor by his father on 22 January 613 and shortly after was betrothed to his cousin, Gregoria, a daughter of his father's first cousin, Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius), Nicetas. As the couple were second cousins, the marriage was technically incestuous, but this consideration must have been outweighed by the advantages of the match to the family as a whole. Furthermore, its illegality paled into insignificance beside Heraclius' marriage to his niece Martina (empress), Martina the same year. In comparison, Constantine's marriage was far less scandalous than that of his father. Constantine assumed an honorary Roman consul, consulship on 1 January 632, and at the same ceremony his brother Heraclona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monothelitism
Monothelitism, or monotheletism was a theological doctrine in Christianity that was proposed in the 7th century, but was ultimately rejected by the sixth ecumenical council. It held Christ as having only one will and was thus contrary to dyothelitism, the Christological doctrine accepted by most Christian denominations, which holds Christ as having two wills (divine and human). Historically, ''monothelitism'' was closely related to monoenergism, a theological doctrine that holds Jesus Christ as having only one energy. Both doctrines were at the center of Christological disputes during the 7th century. Monothelitism is from . Theological notions related to the ''oneness'' of Christ's will emerged as a result of some earlier Christological controversies that were related to monophysitism as formulated by Eutyches (d. 456) and miaphysitism as formulated by non-Chalcedonian followers of Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444). Since the notion of Christ's ''one nature'' implied the ''onenes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrrhus Of Constantinople
Pyrrhus of Constantinople (Greek: Πύρρος; died 1 June 654) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 20 December 638 to 29 September 641, and again from 9 January to 1 June 654. He was a supporter of Monotheletism, a christological doctrine propounded by the Emperor Heraclius. In 638, with the support of Heraclius, he was elected to the patriarchal throne. In the unrest following the death of Heraclius, he was accused of plotting against the life of Emperor Heraclius Constantine with Empress Martina to favor her son, Heraclonas. The army and the populace rose in revolt and the powerful Valentinus deposed and banished Pyrrhus to Exarchate of Africa. Soon after, Martina and Heraclonas were also deposed and exiled; Constans II, son of Heraclius Constantine, was proclaimed the sole emperor. While in exile, in 645 he conducted with Maximus the Confessor a public discussion on faith (''Disputatio cum Pyrrho''), after which he rejected Monothelitism, and visited Rome ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kelibia
Kelibia (Kélibia) ( '), often referred to as Klibia or Gallipia by European writers, is a coastal town on the Cap Bon peninsula, Nabeul Governorate in the far north-eastern part of Tunisia. Its sand beaches are considered some of the finest in the Mediterranean. History Known in Roman times as Clypia or Clypea, () the town was founded by the Carthaginians as the fortified town of Aspis () in the 5th century BC. The Siege of Aspis in 255BC was the first battle of the First Punic War fought on African soil. Clypea was also the seat of an ancient Christian bishopric. At the Council of Carthage (411), which brought together Catholic and Donatist bishops, Clypea was represented by Bishop Leodicius and the Donatist Geminius. Aurilius was one of the bishops whom the Arian Vandal king Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484 and then exiled. Two other bishops of Clypia took part in the Council of Carthage (525) (Bishop Crescentius) and Council of Carthage (645) (Bishop Stephanus). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constans II
Constans II (; 7 November 630 – 15 July 668), also called "the Bearded" (), was the Byzantine emperor from 641 to 668. Constans was the last attested emperor to serve as Roman consul, consul, in 642, although the office continued to exist until the reign of Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912). His religious policy saw him steering a middle line in disputes between the Orthodox and Monothelitism, Monothelites by refusing to persecute either and prohibited discussion of the natures of Jesus Christ under the Type of Constans in 648. His reign coincided with Arab invasions under Umar, Uthman, and Mu'awiya I in the late 640s to 660s. Constans was the first emperor to visit Rome since the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and the last one to visit Rome while the Empire still held it. Origins and early career Constans was born on 7 November 630 in Constantinople, the Byzantine capital, to Gregoria and Constantine III (Byzantine emperor), Constantine III. Constantine was a son of Emp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
