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Pasteuria
''Pasteuria'' is a genus of mycelial and endospore-forming, nonmotile gram-positive bacteria that are obligate parasites of some nematodes and crustaceans. The genus of ''Pasteuria'' was previously classified within the family Alicyclobacillaceae, but has since been moved to the family Pasteuriaceae. Steps of infection Animals that are susceptible to ''Pasteuria'' become infected when they are exposed to spores in soil or water. Therefore, ''Pasteuria'' are transmitted horizontally between hosts and when an infected host dies, it releases spores to the soil or sediment. The likelihood of infections is related to the spore density in the environment and can be affected by temperature. After contact with the host, ''Pasteuria'' spores are activated, attach to their host, penetrate the host's cuticle, proliferate within the host, and kill the host. In water fleas, the ability of the spore to successfully attach during the infection process is related to the genotype of the host a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasteuria Usgae
''Pasteuria'' is a genus of mycelial and endospore-forming, nonmotile gram-positive bacteria that are obligate parasites of some nematodes and crustaceans. The genus of ''Pasteuria'' was previously classified within the family Alicyclobacillaceae, but has since been moved to the family Pasteuriaceae. Steps of infection Animals that are susceptible to ''Pasteuria'' become infected when they are exposed to spores in soil or water. Therefore, ''Pasteuria'' are transmitted horizontally between hosts and when an infected host dies, it releases spores to the soil or sediment. The likelihood of infections is related to the spore density in the environment and can be affected by temperature. After contact with the host, ''Pasteuria'' spores are activated, attach to their host, penetrate the host's cuticle, proliferate within the host, and kill the host. In water fleas, the ability of the spore to successfully attach during the infection process is related to the genotype of the host ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasteuria Penetrans
''Pasteuria'' is a genus of mycelial and endospore-forming, nonmotile gram-positive bacteria that are obligate parasites of some nematodes and crustaceans. The genus of ''Pasteuria'' was previously classified within the family Alicyclobacillaceae, but has since been moved to the family Pasteuriaceae. Steps of infection Animals that are susceptible to ''Pasteuria'' become infected when they are exposed to spores in soil or water. Therefore, ''Pasteuria'' are transmitted horizontally between hosts and when an infected host dies, it releases spores to the soil or sediment. The likelihood of infections is related to the spore density in the environment and can be affected by temperature. After contact with the host, ''Pasteuria'' spores are activated, attach to their host, penetrate the host's cuticle, proliferate within the host, and kill the host. In water fleas, the ability of the spore to successfully attach during the infection process is related to the genotype of the hos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasteuria Thornei
''Pasteuria'' is a genus of mycelial and endospore-forming, nonmotile gram-positive bacteria that are obligate parasites of some nematodes and crustaceans. The genus of ''Pasteuria'' was previously classified within the family Alicyclobacillaceae, but has since been moved to the family Pasteuriaceae. Steps of infection Animals that are susceptible to ''Pasteuria'' become infected when they are exposed to spores in soil or water. Therefore, ''Pasteuria'' are transmitted horizontally between hosts and when an infected host dies, it releases spores to the soil or sediment. The likelihood of infections is related to the spore density in the environment and can be affected by temperature. After contact with the host, ''Pasteuria'' spores are activated, attach to their host, penetrate the host's cuticle, proliferate within the host, and kill the host. In water fleas, the ability of the spore to successfully attach during the infection process is related to the genotype of the host a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasteuriaceae
The Pasteuriaceae are a family of nonmotile Gram-positive bacteria. They are moderately to strongly resistant to heat. Species in this family produce a septate mycelium with one refractile endospore. The mycelium grows bigger on one end to form sporangia and sometimes endospores. The size of the endospores is different for each species of the genus ''Pasteuria''. Species of the family of Pastueriaceae are endoparasitic in plant, soil, and freshwater invertebrates. Parasitism Bacteria of the Pasteuriaceae family are endoparasitic within nematodes or cladoceran hosts. After the infection, the host gets castrated by the parasite and shows gigantism. The infection pathway is not fully discovered yet. The core of the endospores is covered by glycoproteins that are presumed to be involved in the attachment of the endospores to the invertebrates host. List of species of the genus ''Pasteuria'' # ''Pasteuria ramosa'' (Metchinokoff 1888) obligate endoparasite of water fleas of the gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasteuria Ramosa
''Pasteuria ramosa'' is a gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium in the Bacillus/Clostridia clade within Bacillota. It is an obligate pathogen of cladoceran crustaceans from the genus ''Daphnia''. Daphnia is an umbrella term for a number of small freshwater creatures including '' D. magna, P. ramosa'''s most popular host target''.'' Other hosts include D. pulex'', D. longispina'', '' D. dentifera'', and '' Moina rectirostris''. An established and widely used coevolutionary model of host-pathogen interactions exists with ''P. ramosa'' and '' D. magna. Growth and sporulation ''P. ramosa'' is an obligate pathogen and it can only grow inside its host. Transmission between hosts takes place through the endospore stage, and is strictly horizontal. These endospores are highly resistant to different environmental stresses, including freezing temperatures, and can remain in the environment for decades without any deleterious effects. The infection can be explained in 5 steps: (1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasteuria Nishizawae
''Pasteuria nishizawae'' is a mycelial and endospore-forming bacterium parasitic on cyst nematodes of genera '' Heterodera'' and ''Globodera Potato root nematodes or potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are 1-mm long roundworms belonging to the genus ''Globodera'', which comprises around 12 species. They live on the roots of plants of the family Solanaceae, such as potatoes and tomatoes. PCN ...''. References Further reading * * External links *LPSN Bacillales Bacteria described in 1992 {{bacilli-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daphnia
''Daphnia'' is a genus of small planktonic crustaceans, in length. ''Daphnia'' are members of the order Anomopoda, and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because their saltatory swimming style resembles the movements of fleas. ''Daphnia'' spp. live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes and ponds. The two most commonly found species of ''Daphnia'' are '' D. pulex'' (small and most common) and '' D. magna'' (large). They are often associated with a related genus in the order Cladocera: '' Moina'', which is in the Moinidae family instead of the Daphniidae, and is much smaller than ''D. pulex'' (roughly half the maximum length). Appearance and characteristics The body of a ''Daphnia'' species is usually long, and is divided into segments, although this division is not visible. The head is fused, and is generally bent down towards the body with a visible notch separating the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Root-knot Nematode
Root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus ''Meloidogyne''. They exist in soil in areas with hot climates or short winters. About 2000 plants worldwide are susceptible to infection by root-knot nematodes and they cause approximately 5% of global crop loss. Root-knot nematode larvae infect plant roots, causing the development of root-knot galls that drain the plant's photosynthate and nutrients. Infection of young plants may be lethal, while infection of mature plants causes decreased yield. Economic impact Root-knot nematodes (''Meloidogyne'' spp.) are one of the three most economically damaging genera of plant-parasitic nematodes on horticultural and field crops. Root-knot nematodes are distributed worldwide, and are obligate parasites of the roots of thousands of plant species, including monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous, herbaceous and woody plants. The genus includes more than 90 species, with some species having several races. Four ''Meloidogyne'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belonolaimus Longicaudatus
''Belonolaimus longicaudatus'' (Sting nematode) is a common parasite of grasses and other plant crops and products. It is the most destructive nematode pest of turf grass, and it also attacks a wide range of fruit, vegetable, and fiber crops such as citrus, cotton, ornamentals, and forage. The sting nematode is a migratory ectoparasite of roots. It is well established in many golf courses and presents a problem in turf management. The sting nematode is only present in very sandy soils. It cannot reproduce in heavier or clay soils. History The genus was originally described by Steiner in 1942 but because of WWII the work was not published until 1949 (''B. gracilis'', Steiner 1949). Rau (1958) further refined the anatomical description and clarified the genus to note that there were several species, most common of which is ''B. longicaudatus''. Description A long nematode compared to other plant parasitic nematodes at 2–3 mm for both the male and female. Description: The l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
