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Pasalṭha
The ''Pasalṭha'' ( lit. 'good husband', Mara: ''Pasaipha'', Paite/Tedim: ''Salpha'') were a legendary class of warriors and military leaders among the Mizo people, known for their bravery, discipline, and embodiment of the Mizo ethical code, ''tlawmngaihna''. This institution flourished from the medieval to the early modern period, symbolizing heroism and selflessness. Famous Pasalṭha such as Vanapa, Khuangchera, Taitesena, Thanseia, and Keivawmhranga continue to inspire Mizos, with their stories romanticised and celebrated in song and folklore. However, the arrival of British colonial powers marked the decline of the Pasalṭha institution, as the British found their resistance formidable and sought to dismantle their influence. Role and purpose According to James Dokhuma, "The Pasalṭha is not only a skilled hunter but also the one who is claimed to be famous for his prowess in taking heads of the enemies." In fact, a Pasalṭha typically brought multiple captives, tot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taitesena
Pasalṭha Taitesena born Ralthathchhunga was a famous Mizo warrior, hunter, and volunteer. He is considered an idol of Mizo youths for his virtue of Tlawmngaihna. Early life Taitesena was born in January 1882 as Ralthatchhunga to a Khinagte family. Due to his healthy red cheeks he gained the nickname Taitesena. Taitesena was from Hrangvunga's village of Serhmun which was not far from another famous Pasalṭha known as Khuangchera. After his family moved from Khawrinimah, they would settle in Tuahzawl where Khuangchera would be established with his wife and two children. Pasaltha One night, Hrangvunga, the chief wished to discover who was the bravest, loyal, dependable and selfless man among his subjects. He summoned an ''upa'' and told him to visit the zawlbuk Zawlbûk (; ) was a traditional bachelorsʼ quarters of the Mizo people, predominantly of the lushei tribe, Luseis living in Mizoram, India. It was prominently the largest house in the tribe, tribal village, and it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zampuimanga
Pasalṭha Zampuimanga was a Mizo warrior who served under Chief Lalsavunga. Zampuimanga also held a reputation as a tiger hunter. Early life Zampuimanga was born in 1801 in Zampui village under Hill Tipperah. He was known as Manga by birth, however in the future to make him distinct from another individual named 'Manga' he was termed Zampuimanga as his village of origin. His father was Thanghuliana, a member of the Chhakchhuak Hualngo tribe. He moved with his father in 1820 to Hualngo, west of Aizawl. During his stay, his father died. Pasaltha In 1825, Zampuimanga was recruited into Lalsavunga's settlement and became one of the 12 famous pasalthas under him. Zampuimanga aided Lalsavunga's northern expansion and consolidation of Sailo rule in the Lushai Hills. He assisted in establishing Aizawl, Darlawng, Lamtual (Saitual), Puilo, Vancheng, Awnnu, Tualte, Lungdup, and Champhai. Other than being a warrior, Zampuimanga was also a tiger hunter. Zampuimanga was reputed to have kill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saizahawla
Pasalṭha Saizahawla was a Mizo warrior renowned for his strength and prowess as a wrestler and athlete. Early life Saihazawla was born in 1858 to Chalpuaa and Tuahnuii of the Hmar Hmar may refer to: *Hmars or Hmar people, in northeastern India **Hmar languages, Tibeto-Burman subfamily of languages, spoken by the Hmar ***Hmar language The Hmar language (Hmar: ''Khawsak Țawng'') is a Northern Mizo language spoken by the ... clan. It is reputed that from childhood Saihazawla carried significant strength. Saihazawla learnt to wrestle at home by himself instead of most other boys who would learn in the zawlbuk. Upon coming of age Saihazawla chose an occupation as a blacksmith and Mizo priest. Pasalṭha After his village was raided by an enemy raiding party, Saihazawla chased after the raiders by himself. During the chase in the jhum fields, Saihazawla managed to slay a raider and take the head. However, before he could take the head to his village, the rest of the raiding p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chawngbawla
Pasalṭha Chawngbawla was a Mizo warrior who participated in the North-South War of the Lushai Hills. Early life Chawngbawla was born to a Chhakchhuak family in Seipui village. He was born of a under-average stature leading to many underestimating his strength. Chawngbawla performed many feats of strength in his youth. He was reputed to be a man of few words who would understate his pain and wounds. Chawngbawla was also perceived as humble with the exception of boasting of being undefeated by other challengers. His name became reputed among both the eastern and western Mizo tribes. Children began a tradition of stating a saying: ''Ka kawi Chawngbawla a tlan ngai lo''. This phrase was used during the playing of games to swear on Chawnbawla's name to a wild fruit known as ''kawi''. Pasaltha During the North-South War of the Lushai Hills, Chawngbawla participated in a raid of the Sailam. Upon hearing of Chawngbawla being in the party, the village evacuated its inhabitants, and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vana Pa
Pasalṭha Vana Pa born Thanzachhinga was a famed Mizo tactician and counsellor under Chief Lalsavunga and his son Vanhnuailiana. Pasalṭha Vana Pa had a reputation for having a bad temper. For this reason, he was not married until he was around forty years old. After the birth of his son Vana, he would be referred to as Vana Pa (Father of Vana). Vana Pa was not successful at manual labour but was considered an expert in basket weaving and handicrafts, which was his primary occupation. After realizing his temper was holding him back, Vana Pa reformed himself to the village's surprise. He was relentlessly tested on his reformation by being teased, having his work spoilt or breaking his necklace. However, Vana Pa succeeded in managing his temper and became a sporting villager in his community. He lived in Lalsavunga's village of Hlimen. Lalsavunga's policy of offering the right to select jhum plots via the purchasing of guns encouraged Vana Pa to sell his handicrafts and purcha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khuangchera
Pasalṭha Khuangchera was a distinguished Mizo warrior renowned for his valor and leadership during the late 19th century. He is celebrated for his resistance against British colonial forces in the Lushai Hills, present-day Mizoram, India. Early life Khuangchera, born to Thangṭhiauva and Thangluaii, was the youngest of three brothers and was of the Ralte Kawlni Kawltung tribe. The original village of Khuangchera not known but he was recorded to be living in Chipui, Pawvatui, Kanghmun etc. They lived in Parvatui, under the chieftainship of Lianphunga, the son of Suakpuilala, who is a descendant of Mangpawrha. The eldest brother of Khuangchera was Kawla, and the second eldest was Chawnghanga, a blacksmith in Reiek under the rule of Sailianpuia. The three brothers were reputed for their bravery but Khuangchera became the most reputable. Lianphunga, the chief of Parvatui, was the brother of Sailianpuia and they were the most prominent chiefs in the west. When he was younger, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mizo People
The Mizo people, historically called the Lushais, are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group primarily from Mizoram in northeastern India. They speak Mizo, one of the state's official languages and its lingua franca. Beyond Mizoram, sizable Mizo communities live in neighboring northeast Indian states like Manipur, Assam, Meghalaya, and Tripura, with minority populations also found in Myanmar and the United States. Mizoram is the most literate state in India, and the first to reach 100%. The Chin people of Myanmar and the Kuki people of India and Bangladesh are the kindred tribes of Mizos and many of the Mizo migrants in Myanmar have accepted the Chin identity. The Chin, Kuki, Mizo, and southern Naga peoples are collectively known as Zo people ( Mizo: ''Zohnahthlak''; lit. "descendants of Zo") which all speak the Mizo language Definition and subgroups The term "Mizo" is a collective name for the people inhabiting the State of Mizoram who have close affinity in dialect, origin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literal Translation
Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory, another term for literal translation is ''metaphrase'' (as opposed to ''paraphrase'' for an analogous translation). It is to be distinguished from an Language interpretation, interpretation (done, for example, by an interpreter). Literal translation leads to mistranslation of idioms, which can be a serious problem for machine translation. Translation studies Usage The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of the classical Bible and other texts. Cribs Word-for-word translations ("cribs", "ponies", or "trots") are sometimes prepared for writers who are translating a work written in a language they do not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used a literal translation in prep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heredity
Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Through heredity, variations between individuals can accumulate and cause species to evolve by natural selection. The study of heredity in biology is genetics. Overview In humans, eye color is an example of an inherited characteristic: an individual might inherit the "brown-eye trait" from one of the parents. Inherited traits are controlled by genes and the complete set of genes within an organism's genome is called its genotype. The complete set of observable traits of the structure and behavior of an organism is called its phenotype. These traits arise from the interaction of the organism's genotype with the environment. As a result, many aspects of an organism's phenotype are not inherited. For example, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Mizoram
The history of Mizoram encompasses the history of Mizoram which lies in the southernmost part of northeast India. It is a conglomerate history of several ethnic groups of Chin people who migrated from Chin State of Burma. But information of their patterns of westward migration are based on oral history and archaeological inferences, hence nothing definite can be said. The recorded history started relatively recently around the mid-19th century when the adjoining regions were occupied by the British monarchy. Following religious, political and cultural revolutions in the mid-20th century, a majority of the people agglomerated into a super tribe, Mizo. Hence the officially recognised settlement of the Mizos became Mizoram. The earliest documented records of Mizoram were from the British military officers in the 1850s, when they encountered a series of raids in their official jurisdiction in Chittagong Hill Tracts from the neighbouring natives. By then they referred the land to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warriors Of Asia
A warrior is a guardian specializing in combat or warfare, especially within the context of a tribal or clan-based warrior culture society that recognizes a separate warrior aristocracy, class, or caste. History Warriors seem to have been present in the earliest pre-state societies. Scholars have argued that horse-riding Yamnaya warriors from the Pontic–Caspian steppe played a key role during the Indo-European migrations and the diffusion of Indo-European languages across Eurasia. Most of the basic weapons used by warriors appeared before the rise of most hierarchical systems. Bows and arrows, clubs, spears, swords, and other edged weapons were in widespread use. However, with the new findings of metallurgy, the aforementioned weapons had grown in effectiveness. When the first hierarchical systems evolved 5000 years ago, the gap between the rulers and the ruled had increased. Making war to extend the outreach of their territories, rulers often forced men from lower orders ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mizo National Front Uprising
The Mizo National Front uprising ( Mizo: ''Rambuai'') was a revolt against the government of India aimed at establishing a sovereign nation state for the Mizo people, which started on 28 February 1966. On 1 March 1966, the Mizo National Front (MNF) made a declaration of independence, after launching coordinated attacks on the Government offices and security forces post in different parts of the Mizo district in Assam. The government retaliated and recaptured all the places seized by the MNF by 25 March 1966. In the initial response of the government operations to suppress the rebellion in 1966, the Indian Air Force carried out airstrikes in Aizawl; this remains the only instance of India carrying out an airstrike in its own civilian territory. Counter-insurgency operations continued over the next two decades, although the intensity of the rebellion diminished over time progressively. In 1986, the government and the MNF signed the Mizoram Peace Accord, thereby ending the rebell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
