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Paroreomyza
''Paroreomyza'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae. These birds are endemic to Hawaii. Taxonomy ''Paroreomyza'', along with '' Oreomystis'' (although their alliance is disputed), is the second most basal genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper to survive to recent times, with the most basal being the recently extinct poʻouli (''Melamprosops phaeosoma''), with ''Paroreomyza'' and ''Oreomystis'' having diverged from the rest of the lineage about 4.7 million years ago. Members of ''Paroreomyza'' do not have two key phenotypic traits present in ''Oreomystis'' and the more derived Hawaiian honeycreepers: a distinct musty odor and a squared-off tongue. Following the extinction of the poʻouli, it (along with ''Oreomystis'' if they are considered sister genera) is the most basal group of Hawaiian honeycreepers still surviving, although it too has lost most of its species. Species It includes the following species: * Kākāwahie ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hawaiian Honeycreeper
Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small, passerine birds endemic to Hawaii. They are closely related to the rosefinches in the genus ''Carpodacus'', but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great morphological diversity is the result of adaptive radiation in an insular environment. Many have been driven to extinction since the first humans arrived in Hawaii, with extinctions increasing over the last 2 centuries following European discovery of the islands, with habitat destruction and especially invasive species being the main causes. Taxonomy Before the introduction of molecular phylogenetic techniques, the relationship of the Hawaiian honeycreepers to other bird species was controversial. The honeycreepers were sometimes categorized as a family Drepanididae,Clements, J. 2007. ''The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World.'' 6th ed. other authorities considered them a subfamily, Drepanidinae, of Fringillidae, the finch f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paroreomyza
''Paroreomyza'' is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper in the subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae. These birds are endemic to Hawaii. Taxonomy ''Paroreomyza'', along with '' Oreomystis'' (although their alliance is disputed), is the second most basal genus of Hawaiian honeycreeper to survive to recent times, with the most basal being the recently extinct poʻouli (''Melamprosops phaeosoma''), with ''Paroreomyza'' and ''Oreomystis'' having diverged from the rest of the lineage about 4.7 million years ago. Members of ''Paroreomyza'' do not have two key phenotypic traits present in ''Oreomystis'' and the more derived Hawaiian honeycreepers: a distinct musty odor and a squared-off tongue. Following the extinction of the poʻouli, it (along with ''Oreomystis'' if they are considered sister genera) is the most basal group of Hawaiian honeycreepers still surviving, although it too has lost most of its species. Species It includes the following species: * Kākāwahie ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oʻahu ʻalauahio
The Oʻahu ʻalauahio (''Paroreomyza maculata''), also known as the Oʻahu creeper, is a small finch-like Hawaiian honeycreeper that is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu. It is probably extinct. Description It is a small, yellow green bird with a bluish bill. It is long and is green on the back and tail. The head and underparts are yellow. The face is a brighter yellow with a dark green eyestripe. Juveniles are browner with white wingbars. It feeds on invertebrates hidden under the bark of trees, and it uses its bill to remove the bark and catch the insects using its specialized tongue. Conservation The bird is Critically Endangered and possibly extinct due to disease (avian malaria), introduced and invasive plants and wildlife, and habitat loss. The last specimen was collected in 1968 and this is considered by some authorities to be the last reliable report. The last visual observation was of two individuals on the Poamoho Trail (near Wahiawa) in a Christmas Bird Count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kākāwahie
The kākāwahie or Molokai creeper (''Paroreomyza flammea'') was a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It is extinct, but was found on the Hawaiian island of Molokai in Hawaii. Description The kākāwahie was long. This bird had the appearance of a ball of flame, especially males, which were scarlet red all around. The female had more of a brownish tinge to its belly. Its call was a chip like someone was cutting wood in the distance. They were discovered in the late 19th century when Scott Barchard Wilson, a British ornithologist was lost in the fog. Wilson had shot down a female and two bright males. He collected several specimens and skins of other species of Molokai birds and then went back to England. They were fast flitting birds but nevertheless, they were still endangered. It is depicted in several paintings from the early 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Distribution The kākāwahie lived in the Akoke Forests. Its stronghold in the Akoke Forests was the Kamakou Plate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maui ʻalauahio
The Maui alauahio (''Paroreomyza montana''), also known as the Maui Nui alauahio or Maui creeper, is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It is endemic to Maui Nui, Hawaii. The name Maui alauahio is somewhat misleading because the species seems to have occurred on most, if not all, parts of the ancient Maui Nui, which includes the present day islands of Maui, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, and Kahoʻolawe. There are two subspecies: the Lānaʻi ʻalauahio, ''P. montana montana'', which occurred on Lānaʻi (extinct); and ''P. montana newtoni'' which occurs on Maui. The common name refers to both groups. Description The Maui ʻalauahio is similar to the Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi in appearance and behavior. However, Maui ʻalauahio are a brighter yellow color, have a less curved bill and do not have prominent black lores (area between the bill and the eye). Song The Maui ʻalauahio call is a loud "cheep", and their song consists of a repeated whistled phrase "whichy-wheesee-whurdy-whew". D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fringillidae
The true finches are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Fringillidae. Finches have stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and nuts and often have colourful plumage. They occupy a great range of habitats where they are usually resident and do not migrate. They have a worldwide distribution except for Australia and the polar regions. The family Fringillidae contains more than two hundred species divided into fifty genera. It includes species known as siskins, canaries, redpolls, serins, grosbeaks and euphonias. Many birds in other families are also commonly called "finches". These groups include the estrildid finches ( Estrildidae) of the Old World tropics and Australia; some members of the Old World bunting family ( Emberizidae) and the New World sparrow family ( Passerellidae); and the Darwin's finches of the Galapagos islands, now considered members of the tanager family ( Thraupidae).Newton (1973), Clement ''et al.'' (1993) Finches and canar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poʻouli
The poo-uli (''Melamprosops phaeosoma'') or black-faced honeycreeper, is an extinct species of passerine bird that was endemic to the island of Maui in Hawaiʻi. It is considered to be a member of the Hawaiian honeycreepers, and is the only member of its genus ''Melamprosops''. It had a black head, brown upper parts and pale gray underparts. This bird inhabited only the wetter, easternmost side of Maui, where it had rapidly decreased in numbers. With extinction threatening, efforts were made to capture birds to enable them to breed in captivity. These efforts were unsuccessful; in 2004, only two known birds remained, and since then, no further birds have been sighted. A 2018 study recommended declaring the species extinct, citing bird population decline patterns and the lack of any confirmed sightings since 2004, and in 2019, the species was declared extinct. Description The poo-uli was brown above and grayish-white below, with a broad black mask extending behind the eye. Adults ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carduelinae
The cardueline finches are a subfamily, Carduelinae, one of three subfamilies of the finch family Fringillidae, the others being the Fringillinae and the Euphoniinae. The Hawaiian honeycreepers are now included in this subfamily. Except for the Hawaiian honeycreepers which underwent adaptive radiation in Hawaii and have evolved a broad range of diets, cardueline finches are specialised seed eaters, and unlike most passerine birds, they feed their young mostly on seeds, which are regurgitated.Newton, 1973, p. 31 Besides this, they differ from the other finches in some minor details of their skull. They are adept at opening seeds and clinging to stems, unlike other granivorous birds, such as sparrows and buntings, which feed mostly on fallen seeds. Some members of this subfamily are further specialised to feed on a particular type of seed, such as cones in the case of crossbills. Carduelines forage in flocks throughout the year, rather than keeping territories, and males defend the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwestern South Africa and is therefore said to be ''endemic'' to that particular part of the world. An endemic species can be also be referred to as an ''endemism'' or in scientific literature as an ''endemite''. For example ''Cytisus aeolicus'' is an endemite of the Italian flora. ''Adzharia renschi'' was once believed to be an endemite of the Caucasus, but it was later discovered to be a non-indigenous species from South America belonging to a different genus. The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a cosmopolitan distribution, having a global or widespread range. A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is "precinctive", which applies to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state geographically located within the tropics. Hawaii comprises nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago, 137 volcanic islands spanning that are physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania. The state's ocean coastline is consequently the fourth-longest in the U.S., at about . The eight main islands, from northwest to southeast, are Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii—the last of these, after which the state is named, is often called the "Big Island" or "Hawaii Island" to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands make up most of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, the United States' largest prot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ʻAkikiki
The akikiki (''Oreomystis bairdi''), also called the Kauai creeper, is a critically endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to Kauai, Kauai, Hawaii, Hawaii. Description The akikiki is small (13 cm length; 12-17 g mass), with gray plumage above and white below. It is not Sexual dimorphism, sexually dimorphic. Juveniles have large white eye rings; adults may retain a pale eyebrow for several years. Legs and bill are pink. The tail is short compared to other birds on Kauai, giving it a stocky appearance. Vocalizations The adult contact call is a short ''weet'' or ''whit'', sometimes doubled. The call may also resemble that of the ʻAnianiau, anianiau, with which it may flock. Its song, heard only in breeding season, is a descending trill. The juvenile begging call is a stuttering series of ''chits''. During the breeding season, females use a similar call to solicit feeding by males. Distribution and habitat It is currently found only in the highest elevation native H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the ''base'' (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram. The term may be more strictly applied only to nodes adjacent to the root, or more loosely applied to nodes regarded as being close to the root. Note that extant taxa that lie on branches connecting directly to the root are not more closely related to the root than any other extant taxa. While there must always be two or more equally "basal" clades sprouting from the root of every cladogram, those clades may differ widely in taxonomic rank, species diversity, or both. If ''C'' is a basal clade within ''D'' that has the lowest rank of all basal clades within ''D'', ''C'' may be described as ''the'' basal taxon of that rank within ''D''. The concept of a 'key innovation' implies some degree of correlation between evolutionary innovation and diversification. However, such a correlation does not make a given case predicable, so ancestral characters should not be imputed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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