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Parmelia Saxatilis
''Parmelia saxatilis'', commonly known as the salted shield lichen or crottle, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Several morphologically similar species, formerly lumped together, are now distinguished by their DNA. Taxonomy It was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus with the name ''Lichen saxatilis''. Erik Acharius transferred it to '' Parmelia'' in 1803. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that ''Parmelia saxatilis'' is a member of a species complex–a group of morphologically similar but genetically distinct species. '' P. discordans'', '' P. ernstiae'', '' P. hygrophila'', '' P. imbricaria'', '' P. mayi'', '' P. omphalodes'', '' P. pinnatifida'', '' P. serrana'', '' P. submontana'', '' P. sulymae'', and '' P. rojoi'' are other members of this complex. In the case of the European members of this complex, there is no reliable set of morphological and chemical characteristics that can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy". Many of his writings were in Latin; his name is rendered in Latin as and, after his 1761 ennoblement, as . Linnaeus was the son of a curate and was born in Råshult, in the countryside of Småland, southern Sweden. He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published the first edition of his ' in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 1760s, he co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmelia Pinnatifida
''Parmelia pinnatifida'' is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae, first recognised as a distinct species in 1976. Originally classified as a variety of '' P. omphalodes'' in 1803, it is characterised by its small, circular body (thallus) with narrow, highly branched, overlapping , and its grey to brown upper surface contrasting with a black underside. While its status as a separate species has been debated, modern genetic studies support this classification, though some uncertainty remains. The lichen typically grows on siliceous (silicon-rich) rocks, and occasionally on moss, plant debris, or tree bark, showing a preference for humid environments. It has been documented across Europe, North America, and Antarctica, with populations in mountainous regions, though its reported presence in the Southern Hemisphere requires further verification. Taxonomy ''Parmelia pinnatifida'' was originally described as ''Parmelia omphalodes'' var. ''panniformis'' by Eri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Least Concern
A least-concern species is a species that has been evaluated and categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as not being a focus of wildlife conservation because the specific species is still plentiful in the wild. They do not qualify as threatened, near threatened, or (before 2001) conservation dependent. Species cannot be assigned the "Least Concern" category unless they have had their population status evaluated. That is, adequate information is needed to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution or population status. Evaluation Since 2001 the category has had the abbreviation "LC", following the IUCN 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1). Before 2001 "least concern" was a subcategory of the " Lower Risk" category and assigned the code "LR/lc" or lc. Around 20% of least concern taxa (3261 of 15,636) in the IUCN database still use the code "LR/lc", which indicates they have not been re- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IUCN Red List
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological species. A series of Regional Red Lists, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit, are also produced by countries and organizations. The goals of the Red List are to provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a global level, to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and to provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity. Major species assessors include BirdLife International, the Institute of Zoology (the research division of the Zoological Society of London), the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and many Specialist Groups w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmelia Sulcata
''Parmelia sulcata'', commonly known as the hammered shield lichen or cracked-shield lichen, is a foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First described by Thomas Taylor in 1836, it is one of the most prevalent lichen species globally, known for its resilience to pollution and cosmopolitan distribution across temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres. ''P. sulcata'' forms a circular thallus up to in diameter, with a glaucous white to grey upper surface and a black lower surface, featuring broadly structures with both marginal and laminal soralia and a distinctive pattern of pseudocyphellae. Taxonomically, ''Parmelia sulcata'' has a complex history. Molecular phylogenetics studies have revealed significant genetic variability within what was traditionally considered a single species, identifying a complex of cryptic species, including '' Parmelia encryptata'' and '' P. barrenoae'', and demonstrate the necessity of molecular data for accurate species ide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cosmopolitan Distribution
In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and environmental conditions, though this is not always so. Killer whales ( orcas) are among the most well-known cosmopolitan species on the planet, as they maintain several different resident and transient (migratory) populations in every major oceanic body on Earth, from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica and every coastal and open-water region in-between. Such a taxon (usually a species) is said to have a ''cosmopolitan'' distribution, or exhibit cosmopolitanism, as a species; another example, the rock dove (commonly referred to as a ' pigeon'), in addition to having been bred domestically for centuries, now occurs in most urban areas around the world. The extreme opposite of a cosmopolitan species is an endemic (native) species, or one foun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johannes Cornelius Theodorus Uphof
Cornelius Johannes Theodoor Uphof (1886–1969 ) was a botanist, phycologist, and teacher. Born in the Netherlands, he worked extensively in the University of Arizona, at Tucson. He was known for initiating the controversy over the taxonomy of ''Hippeastrum ''Hippeastrum'' () is a genus of 116 species, and over 600 Hybrid (biology), hybrids and cultivars, of perennial plant, perennial, herbaceous plant, herbaceous and bulbous plants, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, ...''. Publications *1959. ''Dictionary of economic plants.'' Ed. H. R. Engelmann (J. Cramer); Hafner. 400 pp. 2nd. ed. 1968, 591 pp. References External links *Jstor 20th-century American botanists 1886 births 1969 deaths {{US-botanist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dyeing
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. Dye molecules are fixed to the fiber by absorption, diffusion, or bonding with temperature and time being key controlling factors. The bond between the dye molecule and fiber may be strong or weak, depending on the dye used. Dyeing and printing are different applications; in printing, color is applied to a localized area with desired patterns. In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile. The primary source of dye, historically, has been nature, with the dyes being extracted from plants or animals. Since the mid-19th century, however, humans have produced artificial dyes to achieve a broader range of colors and to render the dyes more stable for washing and general use. Different classes of dyes are used for different ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saxicolous Lichen
A saxicolous lichen is a lichen that grows on rock. The prefix "sax" from the Latin means "rock" or "stone". Characteristics Saxicolous lichens exhibit very slow growth rates. They may develop on rock substrates for long periods of time, given the absence of external disturbances. The importance of the mineral composition of the rock substrate, as well as the elemental geochemistry Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the e ... is also important to the distribution of saxicolous lichens, but the relationship between the substrate influence on lichens, either chemical or textural, is still obscure. Communities of saxicolous lichens are often species-rich in terms of number. References Lichenology {{lichen-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thallus
Thallus (: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. A thallus usually names the entire body of a multicellular non-moving organism in which there is no organization of the tissues into organs. Many of these organisms were previously known as the thallophytes, a polyphyletic group of distantly related organisms. An organism or structure resembling a thallus is called thalloid, thalloidal, thalliform, thalline, or thallose. Even though thalli do not have organized and distinct parts ( leaves, roots, and stems) as do the vascular plants, they may have analogous structures that resemble their vascular "equivalents". The analogous structures have similar function or macroscopic structure, but different microscopic structure; for example, no thallus has vascular tissue. In exceptional cases such as the Lemnoideae, where th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmelia Rojoi
''Parmelia rojoi'' is a species of foliose (leafy), saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is known to occur in a couple of humid forests in southern Spain. It is quite similar in appearance to the more widespread ''Parmelia saxatilis'', but has a more fragile thallus and smaller isidia. Taxonomy ''Parmelia rojoi'' was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Ana Crespo, Víctor Jiménez Rico, and Pradeep Kumar Divakar. The type specimen was collected in Los Alcornocales Natural Park (Málaga, Andalucía). At the time of publication, only five collections of the species had been documented. All specimen are sterile—meaning they do not produce apothecia, reproducing instead via vegetative propagules. The species epithet ''rojoi'' honours physics professor and friend of the authors, Juan M. Rojo. Considered a member of the ''Parmelia saxatilis'' species complex based on shared morphological similarities, ''Parmelia rojoi'' has been ident ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
