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Parinibbāna
In Buddhism, ''Parinirvana'' (Sanskrit: '; Pali: ') describes the state entered after death by someone who has attained ''nirvana'' during their lifetime. It implies a release from '' '', karma and rebirth as well as the dissolution of the ''skandhas''. In some Mahāyāna scriptures, notably the ''Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra'', ''parinirvāṇa'' is described as the realm of the eternal true Self of the Buddha. In the Buddha in art, the event is represented by a reclining Buddha figure, often surrounded by disciples. Final nirvana at death In the Buddhist view, when ordinary people die, each person's unresolved karma passes on to a new birth; and thus the karmic inheritance is reborn in one of the Six Paths of '' samsara''. However, when a person attains nirvana, they are liberated from karmic rebirth. When such a person dies, it is the end of the cycle of rebirth. Contemporary scholar Rupert Gethin explains: Parinirvana of Buddha Shakyamuni Accounts of the pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nirvana (Buddhism)
Nirvana or nibbana (Sanskrit: निर्वाण; International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, IAST: '; Pali: ') is the extinguishing of the passions, the "blowing out" or "quenching" of the activity of the grasping mind and its related unease. Nirvana is the goal of many Buddhism, Buddhist paths, and leads to the soteriological release from dukkha ('suffering') and rebirths in ''Saṃsāra (Buddhism), saṃsāra''. Nirvana is part of the Third Truth on "cessation of ''dukkha''" in the Four Noble Truths, and the "''summum bonum'' of Buddhism and goal of the Noble Eightfold Path, Eightfold Path." In all forms of Buddhism, Nirvana is regarded as the highest or supreme religious goal. It is often described as the unconditioned or uncompounded (Skt.: asaṃskṛta, Pali: asankhata), meaning it is beyond all forms of conditionality — not subject to change, decay, or the limitations of time and space. Nirvana is typically seen as being outside the realm of dependent ari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paranirvana
In Buddhism, ''Parinirvana'' (Sanskrit: '; Pali language, Pali: ') describes the state entered after death by someone who has attained ''Nirvana (Buddhism), nirvana'' during their lifetime. It implies a release from ''samsara, '', karma and Rebirth (Buddhism), rebirth as well as the dissolution of the ''skandhas''. In some Mahayana, Mahāyāna scriptures, notably the ''Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra, Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra'', ''parinirvāṇa'' is described as the realm of the eternal true Ātman (Buddhism), Self of the Buddha. In the Buddha in art, the event is represented by a reclining Buddha figure, often surrounded by disciples. Final nirvana at death In the Buddhist view, when ordinary people die, each person's unresolved karma passes on to a new birth; and thus the karmic inheritance is reborn in one of the Six Paths of ''Samsara (Buddhism), samsara''. However, when a person attains nirvana, they are liberated from karmic rebirth. When such a person die ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reclining Buddha
A reclining Buddha is an image that represents Buddha lying down and is a major iconographic theme in Buddhist art. It represents the historical Buddha during his last illness, about to enter the parinirvana. He is lying on his right side, his head resting on a cushion or relying on his right elbow, supporting his head with his hand. This pattern seems to have emerged at the same time as other representations of the Buddha in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara. In Thai art For Thai Buddha attitudes (; ), the reclining Buddha (; ) can refer to three different episodes, whilst the attribute of each remains unclear. * Nirvana attitude (; ) * Teaching the Rahu Asurin attitude (; ) * Sleeping attitude (; ) Notable examples Burma: * Win Sein Tawya Buddha ( Mawlamyaing) - * Thanboddhay Pagoda (Monywa) - * Myathalyaung Buddha ( Bago) - * Lawka Tharahpu Buddha (Dawei) - * Chaukhtatgyi Buddha Temple (Yangon) - * Shwethalyaung Buddha ( Bago) - * Manuha Temple (Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cunda Kammāraputta
Cunda Kammāraputta was a Metalsmith, smith who gave Gautama Buddha his last meal as an offering while he visited his mango grove in Pava, Pāvā on his way to Kushinagar, Kuśīnagara. Shortly after having Cunda's meal, the Buddha suffered from fatal dysentery. The condition could have been Clostridial necrotizing enteritis due to a high protein (meat) diet. Before entering the parinirvāṇa, the Buddha told Ānanda to visit Cunda and tell him that his meal had nothing to do with his getting ill, and therefore should feel no blame nor remorse; on the contrary, offering the Tathāgata his last meal before passing away was of equal gain as of offering him his first meal before attaining buddhahood, and thus he should rejoice.Dīgha Nikāya II. 135f Name The name Kammāraputta (in Sanskrit, ''Karmāraputra'') means ''son of the smith''. In Chinese, his name is rendered as 準陀 (Zhǔntuó). Cunda as a lay follower of Gautama Buddha In the ''Cunda Kammāraputta Sutta'', Gautam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theravada
''Theravāda'' (; 'School of the Elders'; ) is Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school's adherents, termed ''Theravādins'' (anglicized from Pali ''theravādī''), have preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching or ''Dharma (Buddhism), Dhamma'' in the Pāli Canon for over two millennia. The Pāli Canon is the most complete Buddhist canon surviving in a Indo-Aryan languages, classical Indian language, Pāli, which serves as the school's sacred language and ''lingua franca''.Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity'', p. 2. In contrast to Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna, Theravāda tends to be conservative in matters of doctrine (''pariyatti'') and monastic discipline (''vinaya''). One element of this Religious conservatism, conservatism is the fact that Theravāda rejects the authenticity of the Mahayana sutras (which appeared onwards). Consequently, Theravāda generally does not recognize the existence of many Buddhas and bodhisattva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (),* * * was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but renounced his home life to live as a wandering ascetic. After leading a life of mendicancy, asceticism, and meditation, he attained nirvana at Bodh Gayā in what is now India. The Buddha then wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a monastic order. Buddhist tradition holds he died in Kushinagar and reached ''parinirvana'' ("final release from conditioned existence"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth, and suffering. His core teachings are summarized in the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Ei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kushinagar
Kushinagar (Pali: ; Sanskrit: ) is a town in the Kushinagar district in Uttar Pradesh, India, east of Gorakhpur on National Highway 27, Kushinagar is a Buddhist pilgrimage site, where Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha died. Etymology According to Alexander Cunningham, Kushinagara was named for the abundance of the kusha grass found in this region. History Iron Age Buddha's death When the Buddha reached his eightieth year, according to the '' Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta'' ( Sutta 16 of the ''Dīgha Nikāya''), he and some of his disciples undertook a months-long journey from Rājagṛha, through Pāṭaliputta, Vesāli, Bhoganagara, and Pāvā, to their final destination at Kushinagar. At Pāvā Cunda, a resident, invited the group to a meal that featured a food called ''sukaramaddava''. Buddha was afflicted by a painful illness resembling dysentery soon after eating it. After the meal, the Buddha crossed the Kakkuttha River (now called the Khanua River) and compl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buddhacarita
''Buddhacharita'' (; ) is an epic poem in the Sanskrit '' mahakavya'' style on the life of Gautama Buddha by Aśvaghoṣa of Sāketa (modern Ayodhya), composed in the early second century CE. The author has prepared an account of the Buddha's life and teachings which, unlike other treatments such as ''Mahavastu'' (“Great Story”) and ''Lalitavistara'' (“Full Description of the Play f the Buddha��), is not only artistically arranged but also restrained in the description of the miracles of Gautam Buddha. His work also reflects a vast knowledge of Indian mythology and pre-Buddhist philosophy, as well as a court poet's interest in love, war, and statecraft. Of the poem's 28 cantos, only the first 14 are extant in Sanskrit (cantos 15 to 28 are in incomplete form). But in Chinese (5th century) and Tibetan translations, all 28 chapters are preserved. In 420 AD, Dharmakṣema made a Chinese translation, and in the 7th or 8th century, a Tibetan version was composed by an unknow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahāsāṃghika
The Mahāsāṃghika (Brahmi script, Brahmi: 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀲𑀸𑀁𑀖𑀺𑀓, "of the Great Sangha (Buddhism), Sangha", ) was a major division (nikāya) of the early Buddhist schools in India. They were one of the two original communities that emerged from the first schism of the Pre-sectarian Buddhism, original pre-sectarian Buddhist tradition (the other being the Sthavira nikāya, Sthavira nikaya). This schism is traditionally held to have occurred after the Second Buddhist council, which occurred at some point during or after the reign of Kalashoka. The Mahāsāṃghika nikāya developed into numerous sects which spread throughout History of India, ancient India. Some scholars think that the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya (Monasticism, monastic rule) represents the oldest Buddhist monastic source, although some other scholars think that it is not the case. While the Mahāsāṃghika tradition is no longer in existence, many scholars look to the Mahāsāṃghika tradition as an ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarvastivada
The ''Sarvāstivāda'' (; ;) was one of the early Buddhist schools established around the reign of Ashoka (third century BCE).Westerhoff, The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE, 2018, p. 60. It was particularly known as an Abhidharma tradition, with a unique set of seven canonical Abhidharma texts.Westerhoff, 2018, p. 61. The Sarvāstivādins were one of the most influential Buddhist monastic groups, flourishing throughout North India, especially Kashmir and Central Asia, until the 7th century CE. The orthodox Kashmiri branch of the school composed the large and encyclopedic '' Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra'' around the time of the reign of Kanishka (c. 127–150 CE). Because of this, orthodox Sarvāstivādins who upheld the doctrines in the ''Mahāvibhāṣa'' were called '' Vaibhāṣikas.'' There have been debates about the exact chronological emergence of Sarvastivadins from Sthavira nikāya. According to the Theravādin '' Dī ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
