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Parallel Redundancy Protocol
Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) is a network protocol standard for Ethernet that provides seamless failover against failure of any network component. This redundancy is invisible to the application. PRP nodes have two ports and are attached to two separated networks of similar topology. PRP can be implemented entirely in software, i.e. integrated in the network driver. Nodes with single attachment can be attached to one network only. This is in contrast to the companion standard HSR (IEC 62439-3 Clause 5), with which PRP shares the operating principle. PRP and HSR are independent of the application-protocol and can be used by most Industrial Ethernet protocols in the IEC 61784 suite. PRP and HSR are standardized by the IEC 62439-3:2016). They have been adopted for substation automation in the framework of IEC 61850. PRP and HSR are suited for applications that request high availability and short switchover time, such as: protection for electrical substation, synchronize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Communications Protocol
A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of both. Communicating systems use well-defined formats for exchanging various messages. Each message has an exact meaning intended to elicit a response from a range of possible responses pre-determined for that particular situation. The specified behavior is typically independent of how it is to be implemented. Communication protocols have to be agreed upon by the parties involved. To reach an agreement, a protocol may be developed into a technical standard. A programming language describes the same for computations, so there is a close analogy between protocols and programming languages: ''protocols are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building. By contrast, a wide area network (WAN) not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits. Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies in use for local area networks. Historical network technologies include ARCNET, Token Ring and AppleTalk. History The increasing demand and usage of computers in universities and research labs in the late 1960s generated the need to provide high-speed interconnections between computer systems. A 1970 report from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory detailing the growth of their "Octopus" network gave a good indication of the situation. A number of experimental and early commercial LAN technologies were developed in the 1970s. Cambridge Ring was developed at Cambridge University starting in 1974. Et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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IEC/IEEE 61850-9-3
IEC/IEEE 61850-9-3 (Power Utility Profile) or PUP is an international standard for precise time distribution and clock synchronization in electrical grids with an accuracy of 1 μs. It supports precise time stamping of voltage and current measurement for differential protection, wide area monitoring and protection, busbar protection and event recording. Kirrmann, Hubert; Dickerson William IEC IEEE Precision Time Protocol', Pacworld, September 2016 It can be used to ensure deterministic operation of critical functions in the automation system. It belongs to the IEC 61850 standard suite for communication networks and systems for power utility automation. PTP Clocks In Substation 170203 HK.jpg, Hierarchy of PTP clocks in a substation IEC/IEEE 61850-9-3 is a profile (subset) of IEEE Std 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) when clocks are singly attached. IEC/IEEE 61850-9-3 provides seamless fault tolerance by attaching clocks to duplicated networks paths and by support of simultaneousl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Media Redundancy Protocol
Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP) is a data network protocol standardized by the International Electrotechnical Commission as IEC 62439-2. It allows rings of Ethernet switches to overcome any single failure with recovery time much faster than achievable with Spanning Tree Protocol. It is suitable to most industrial Ethernet applications. Properties MRP operates at the data link layer (OSI Layer 2) of Ethernet switches and is a direct evolution of the HiPER-Ring protocol developed by Hirschmann in 1998. Hirschmann is now owned by Belden. MRP is supported by several commercial industrial Ethernet switches. In an MRP ring, the ring manager is named Media Redundancy Manager (MRM), while ring clients are named Media Redundancy Clients (MRCs). MRM and MRC ring ports support three statuses: disabled, blocked, and forwarding. Disabled ring ports drop all the received frames. Blocked ring ports drop all the received frames except the MRP control frames. Forwarding ring ports forward a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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ODVA (company)
ODVA, Inc. (formerly Open DeviceNet Vendors Association, Inc.) was founded in 1995 and is a global trade and standard development organization whose members are suppliers of devices for industrial automation applications. To qualify for membership in ODVA, applicants must be an entity that makes and sells products using ODVA technologies. ODVA technologies include the Common Industrial Protocol or "CIP" - ODVA's media-independent, object-oriented protocol - along with ODVA's network adaptations of CIP - EtherNet/IP, DeviceNet, ControlNet and CompoNet. ODVA has more than 15 technical working groups, overseen by its Technical Review Board, which develop and enhance ODVA's implementation specifications for its technologies. These specifications define how a product shall be designed in accordance with the specifications. ODVA maintains a conformance testing practice to validate that products designed using ODVA technologies comply with the specifications and interoperate in multivend ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Precision Time Protocol
The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is a protocol used to synchronize clocks throughout a computer network. On a local area network, it achieves clock accuracy in the sub-microsecond range, making it suitable for measurement and control systems. PTP is employed to synchronize financial transactions, mobile phone tower transmissions, sub-sea acoustic arrays, and networks that require precise timing but lack access to satellite navigation signals. The first version of PTP, IEEE 1588-2002, was published in 2002. IEEE 1588-2008, also known as PTP Version 2 is not backward compatible with the 2002 version. IEEE 1588-2019 was published in November 2019 and includes backward-compatible improvements to the 2008 publication. IEEE 1588-2008 includes a ''profile'' concept defining PTP operating parameters and options. Several profiles have been defined for applications including telecommunications, electric power distribution and audiovisual. is an adaptation of PTP for use with Audio V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Precision Time Protocol Industry Profile
Industrial automation systems consisting of several distributed controllers need a precise synchronization for commands, events and process data. For instance, motors for newspaper printing are synchronized within some 5 microseconds to ensure that the color pixels in the different cylinders come within 0.1 mm at a paper speed of some 20 m/s. Similar requirements exist in high-power semiconductors (e.g. for converting between AC and DC grids) and in drive-by-wire vehicles (e.g. cars with no mechanical steering wheel). This synchronisation is provided by the communication network, in most cases Industrial Ethernet. Many ad-hoc synchronization schemes exist, so IEEE published a standard Precision Time Protocol IEEE 1588 or "PTP", which allows sub-microsecond synchronization of clocks. PTP is formulated generally, so concrete applications need a stricter profile. In particular, PTP does not specify how the clocks should operate when the network is duplicated for better resilience to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Address Resolution Protocol
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given internet layer address, typically an IPv4 address. This mapping is a critical function in the Internet protocol suite. ARP was defined in 1982 by , which is Internet Standard STD 37. ARP has been implemented with many combinations of network and data link layer technologies, such as IPv4, Chaosnet, DECnet and Xerox PARC Universal Packet (PUP) using IEEE 802 standards, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). In Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) networks, the functionality of ARP is provided by the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP). Operating scope The Address Resolution Protocol is a request-response protocol. Its messages are directly encapsulated by a link layer protocol. It is communicated within the boundaries of a single network, never routed across internetworking nodes. Packet structur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet. IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP addresses in the packet headers. For this purpose, IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered. It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and destination information. IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, which was complemented by a connection-oriented service that became the basis for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet protocol suite is therefore often referred to as ''TCP/IP''. The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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MAC Address
A media access control address (MAC address) is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment. This use is common in most IEEE 802 networking technologies, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Within the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model, MAC addresses are used in the medium access control protocol sublayer of the data link layer. As typically represented, MAC addresses are recognizable as six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens, colons, or without a separator. MAC addresses are primarily assigned by device manufacturers, and are therefore often referred to as the burned-in address, or as an Ethernet hardware address, hardware address, or physical address. Each address can be stored in hardware, such as the card's read-only memory, or by a firmware mechanism. Many network interfaces, however, support changing their MAC address. The address ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Node (networking)
In telecommunications networks, a node (, ‘knot’) is either a redistribution point or a communication endpoint. The definition of a node depends on the network and protocol layer referred to. A physical network node is an electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of creating, receiving, or transmitting information over a communication channel. A passive distribution point such as a distribution frame or patch panel is consequently not a node. Computer networks In data communication, a physical network node may either be data communication equipment (DCE) such as a modem, hub, bridge or switch; or data terminal equipment (DTE) such as a digital telephone handset, a printer or a host computer. If the network in question is a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN), every LAN or WAN node that participates on the data link layer must have a network address, typically one for each network interface controller it possesses. Examples a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Ethernet
Ethernet () is a family of wired computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since been refined to support higher bit rates, a greater number of nodes, and longer link distances, but retains much backward compatibility. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET. The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, while the newer Ethernet variants use twisted pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with switches. Over the course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the original to the latest , with rates up to under development. The Ethernet standards include several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI physical layer. Systems communicating over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |