Paradas Method
The paradas method (, ''sistema de paradas'') was a process to extract nitrate from caliche by leaching. In this method caliche was boiled in water in large pans called "paradas". It was a firewood and labour-intensive process, and it required the frequent relocation of the mining camps. The paradas method was phased out in the 1850s by a new system invented by Pedro Gamboni which required less fuel and labour. The paradas method led to a massive deforestation of Pampa del Tamarugal around La Tirana La Tirana is a Chilean town in the commune of Pozo Almonte in El Tamarugal Province, Tarapacá Region. The town lies in an oasis in the middle of the Pampa del Tamarugal, about 72 km inland from the port of Iquique. The town is notable for i ... and Canchones and some areas to the south of these localities. References Economic history of Bolivia Economic history of Chile History of mining in Chile Economic history of Peru Mineral processing {{Mining-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Nitratine
Nitratine or nitratite, also known as cubic niter (UK: nitre), soda niter or Chile saltpeter (UK: Chile saltpetre), is a mineral, the naturally occurring form of sodium nitrate, NaNO3. Chemically it is the sodium analogue of saltpeter. Nitratine crystallizes in the trigonal system, but rarely occurs as well-formed crystals. It is isostructural with calcite. It is relatively soft and light with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and a specific gravity of 2.24 to 2.29. Its refractive indices are nω = 1.587 and nε = 1.336. The typical form is as coatings of white, grey to yellowish brown masses. The rare crystals when found typically have the scalenohedral form of the calcite structure. It is found only as an efflorescence in very dry environments. It is very soluble in water such that it is deliquescent and will absorb water out of the air and turn into a puddle of sodium nitrate solution when exposed to humid air. There are nitratine deposits located in arid regions across the world ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Caliche
Caliche () is a soil accumulation of soluble calcium carbonate at depth, where it precipitates and binds other materials—such as gravel, sand, clay, and silt. It occurs worldwide, in aridisol and mollisol soil orders—generally in arid or semiarid regions, including in central and western Australia, in the Kalahari Desert, in the High Plains (United States), High Plains of the western United States, in the Sonoran Desert, Chihuahuan Desert and Mojave Desert of North America, and in eastern Saudi Arabia at Al-Ahsa Oasis, Al-Hasa. Caliche is also known as calcrete or kankar (in India). It belongs to the duricrusts. The term is borrowed from Spanish and is originally from the Latin word , meaning Lime (mineral), lime. Caliche is generally light-colored but can range from white to light pink to reddish-brown, depending on the minerals present. Caliche is a mark of older landscapes. It generally occurs on or very near the surface. Where caliche layers originate at some depth from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Leaching (chemistry)
Leaching is the process of a solute becoming detached or extracted from its carrier substance by way of a solvent. Leaching is a naturally occurring process which scientists have adapted for a variety of applications with a variety of methods. Specific extraction methods depend on the soluble characteristics relative to the sorbent material such as concentration, distribution, nature, and size. Leaching can occur naturally seen from plant substances (inorganic and organic), solute leaching in soil, and in the decomposition of organic materials. Leaching can also be applied affectedly to enhance water quality and contaminant removal, as well as for disposal of hazardous waste products such as fly ash, or rare earth elements (REEs). Understanding leaching characteristics is important in preventing or encouraging the leaching process and preparing for it in the case where it is inevitable. In an ideal leaching equilibrium stage, all the solute is dissolved by the solvent, lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diálogo Andino
''Diálogo Andino'', subtitled ''Revista de Historia, Geografía y Cultura Andina'', is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering history, ethnohistory, cultural geography, and ethnography with particular, but not exclusive, focus on the Andean region. The journal was established in 1982 and is published by the Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geográficas of the University of Tarapacá. The editor-in-chief is Rodrigo Ruz Zagal ( University of Tarapacá). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in ERIH PLUS, Latindex, and Scopus Scopus is a scientific abstract and citation database, launched by the academic publisher Elsevier as a competitor to older Web of Science in 2004. The ensuing competition between the two databases has been characterized as "intense" and is c .... References External links * Ethnography journals History of the Americas journals Academic journals published by universities of Chile Academic journals est ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Pedro Gamboni
Pedro Gamboni (September 26, 1825 - December 27, 1895) was a Chilean chemical engineer who did important studies related to saltpeter and iodine in the regions of Tarapaca and Antofagasta.Gamboni invented a new method to extract nitrate from caliche leading to the phasing out of the older firewood and labour intensive paradas method The paradas method (, ''sistema de paradas'') was a process to extract nitrate from caliche by leaching. In this method caliche was boiled in water in large pans called "paradas". It was a firewood and labour-intensive process, and it required the ... in the 1850s. References 1825 births 1895 deaths Chilean chemical engineers Saltpeter works in Chile Chilean inventors 19th-century engineers {{Chile-scientist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historia (history Of The Americas Journal)
Historia may refer to: * History (European TV channel), Historia, the local version of the History channel in Spain and Portugal * Historia (TV channel), a Canadian French language specialty channel * Historia (newspaper), ''Historia'' (newspaper), a French monthly newspaper devoted to History topics * Historia (video), a compilation video released by Def Leppard * Historia (Antiquity journal), ''Historia'' (Antiquity journal), a peer-reviewed history journal specialised in Greek and Roman Antiquity * Historia (history of the Americas journal), ''Historia'' (history of the Americas journal), a peer-reviewed history journal dealing with the history of the Americas * the Latin word for historiography * Historia (drama), an unfinished drama of Polish writer Witold Gombrowicz, compiled from the author's notes by Konstanty Jeleński * List of Attack on Titan characters, Historia Reiss, a fictional character in Japanese manga and anime series ''Attack on Titan'' * Historia (Romanian magaz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Deforestation
Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. About 31% of Earth's land surface is covered by forests at present. This is one-third less than the forest cover before the expansion of agriculture, with half of that loss occurring in the last century. Between 15 million to 18 million hectares of forest, an area the size of Bangladesh, are destroyed every year. On average 2,400 trees are cut down each minute. Estimates vary widely as to the extent of deforestation in the tropics. In 2019, nearly a third of the overall tree cover loss, or 3.8 million hectares, occurred within humid tropical primary forests. These are areas of mature rainforest that are especially important for biodiversity and carbon storage. The direct cause of most deforestation is agriculture by far. More than ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Pampa Del Tamarugal
Pampa del Tamarugal ("Plateau of the Tamarugal") is a vast plain encompassing a significant portion of the Norte Grande, Chile, and originally named for the '' Prosopis tamarugo'' trees that used to cover its surface. It is located between the parallels 19°30’ and 22°15’ south latitude and is considered part of the Atacama Desert. It is bounded on the west by the Chilean Coastal Range and on the east by the western slopes of the Andes. The plain occupies a surface area of 12,500 km2 with an average elevation of 1,100 m. Tourism Among the major tourist attractions in the Pampa del Tamarugal are the world heritage site Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works, the town of La Tirana, and the Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve. Gallery File:Pampa del Tamarugal 3.jpg, A modern forest in Pampa del Tamarugal as seen from Chile Route 5 Chile Highway 5 or Route 5 known locally as ''Ruta 5'' is Chile's longest route, . It is part of the Pan-American Highway. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Tirana
La Tirana is a Chilean town in the commune of Pozo Almonte in El Tamarugal Province, Tarapacá Region. The town lies in an oasis in the middle of the Pampa del Tamarugal, about 72 km inland from the port of Iquique. The town is notable for its religious feast in honor of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. It is celebrated on July 16 of each year, being the most important religious feast of the Norte Grande, Chile, Norte Grande. The area around La Tirana was deforested in the 19th century largely as a result of high demand for firewood driven by the paradas method used to process nitratine, saltpeter. References Populated places in El Tamarugal Province {{Tarapacá-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Universitat De Barcelona
The University of Barcelona (official name in ; UB), formerly also known as Central University of Barcelona (), is a public university, public research university located in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It was established in 1450. With 76,000 students, it is one of the biggest universities in Spain and has also been ranked 1st in the country in most of the 2024 rankings. It has 106 departments and more than 5,000 full-time researchers, technicians and research assistants, most of whom work in the 243 research groups as recognized and supported by the Government of Catalonia. In 2010, the UB was awarded 175 national research grants and 17 European grants and participated in over 500 joint research projects with the business sector, generating an overall research income of 70 million euros. The work of these groups is overseen by the UB's research centres and institutes which collaborate with leading research institutions and networks in Spain and abroad. The UB is als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Economic History Of Bolivia
The economy of Bolivia is the 95th-largest in the world in nominal terms and the 87th-largest in purchasing power parity. Bolivia is classified by the World Bank to be a lower middle income country. With a Human Development Index of 0.703, it is ranked 114th (high human development). Driven largely by its natural resources, Bolivia has become a region leader in measures of economic growth, fiscal stability and foreign reserves, although it remains a historically poor country. The Bolivian economy has had a historic single-commodity focus. From silver to tin to coca, Bolivia has enjoyed only occasional periods of economic diversification. Political instability and difficult topography have constrained efforts to modernize the agricultural sector. Similarly, relatively low population growth coupled with low life expectancy has kept the labor supply in flux and prevented industries from flourishing. Rampant inflation and Corruption in Bolivia, corruption previously created developm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |