Palestine Exception
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Palestine Exception
The Palestine exception, otherwise known as the Palestine exception to free speech, describes a pattern of institutional discrimination and selective enforcement of policies and laws that restricts the voices, scholarship, and advocacy of Palestinians and their allies, contrary to principles such as the freedom of expression or the right to protest. Especially since the onset of the Gaza war, academics, lawyers, free speech and civil liberties advocates, journalists, and pro-Palestinian activists have raised concerns about censorship and suppression of protests against the war, calls for a ceasefire, criticism of US military and diplomatic support for Israel, and criticism of Israel's invasion of Gaza and its war conduct there. The term has also regularly been used to criticize university policies which restrict pro-Palestine campus protests, including those which call for disinvestment from Israel. Steven Salaita suggests that, beyond Palestinians themselves, suppression of ...
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Institutional Discrimination
Institutional discrimination is discriminatory treatment of an individual or group of individuals by institutions, through unequal consideration of members of subordinate groups. Societal discrimination is discrimination by society. These unfair and indirect methods of discrimination are often embedded in an institution's policies, procedures, laws, and objectives. The discrimination can be on grounds of gender, caste, race, ethnicity, religion, disability, or socio-economic status. State religions are a form of societal discrimination. Institutional racism Institutional racism (also known as systemic racism) is a form of institutional discrimination applied to Race (human categorization), race and considered a form of racism that is embedded as normal practice within an institution. It can lead to such issues as discrimination in criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power, and education, among other issues. The term "institutional racism" was first coi ...
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Alice Walker
Alice Malsenior Tallulah-Kate Walker (born February 9, 1944) is an American novelist, short story writer, poet, and social activist. In 1982, she became the first African-American woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, which she was awarded for her novel '' The Color Purple''."National Book Awards – 1983"
National Book Foundation. Retrieved March 15, 2012. (With essays by Anna Clark and Tarayi Jones from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)
Over the span of her career, Walker has published seventeen novels and short story collections, twelve non-fiction works, and collections of essays and poetry. Walker, born in rural Georgia, overcame challenges such as childhood injury and
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe shares the landmass of Eurasia with Asia, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. Europe is commonly considered to be Boundaries between the continents#Asia and Europe, separated from Asia by the Drainage divide, watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural (river), Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the waterway of the Bosporus, Bosporus Strait. "Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles." Europe covers approx. , or 2% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface (6.8% of Earth's land area), making it ...
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North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes Middle America (Americas), Middle America (comprising the Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico) and Northern America. North America covers an area of about , representing approximately 16.5% of Earth's land area and 4.8% of its total surface area. It is the third-largest continent by size after Asia and Africa, and the list of continents and continental subregions by population, fourth-largest continent by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. , North America's population was estimated as over 592 million people in list of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America, 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's popula ...
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Western World
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and state (polity), states in Western Europe, Northern America, and Australasia; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West. The Western world likewise is called the Occident () in contrast to the Eastern world known as the Orient (). Definitions of the "Western world" vary according to context and perspectives; the West is an evolving concept made up of cultural, political, and economic synergy among diverse groups of people, and not a rigid region with fixed borders and members. Some historians contend that a linear development of the West can be traced from Greco-Roman world, Ancient Greece and Rome, while others argue that such a projection constructs a false genealogy. A geographical concept of the West started to take shape in the 4th century CE when Constantine the Great, Constantine, the first Christian Roman emperor, divided the Roman Em ...
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Selective Enforcement
In law, selective enforcement occurs when government officials (such as police officers, prosecutors, or regulators) exercise discretion, which is the power to choose whether or how to punish a person who has violated the law. The biased use of enforcement discretion, such as that based on racial prejudice or corruption, is usually considered a legal abuse and a threat to the rule of law. This concept is closely related to prosecutorial discretion. There is a divide between countries where prosecutions are inherently discretionary (known as the opportunity principle) and where prosecutions are mandatory (known as the legality principle). In addition, in some countries prosecutors operate independently with more discretion vs in a hierarchical system that require more conformity. In some cases, selective enforcement may be desirable. For example, a verbal warning to a teenager may effectively alter their behavior without resorting to legal punishment and with the added benefit ...
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Jacobin (magazine)
''Jacobin'' is an American Socialism, socialist magazine based in New York City, New York. Bhaskar Sunkara was its founding editor. the magazine reported a paid print circulation of 75,000 and over 3 million monthly online visitors. Established in 2010, Jacobin's circulation grew in 2016 with the increasing attention on Left-wing politics, leftist ideas stimulated by Bernie Sanders' Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign, presidential campaign. The magazine's name is inspired by C. L. R. James's 1938 book ''The Black Jacobins'', about the Haitian Revolution. Ideologically, the magazine is associated with democratic socialism and the Democratic Socialists of America. History and overview The publication began as an online magazine released in September 2010, expanding into a print journal later that year. ''Jacobin'' founder Bhaskar Sunkara said that he intended for ''Jacobin'' to perform a similar role on the contemporary left to that undertaken by ''National Review'' on ...
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Center For Constitutional Rights
The Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR; formerly Law Center for Constitutional Rights) is an American progressive non-profit legal advocacy organization based in New York City. It was founded in 1966 by lawyers William Kunstler, Arthur Kinoy, Morty Stavis and Ben Smith, particularly to support activists in the implementation of civil rights legislation and to pursue social justice causes. CCR has focused on civil liberties and human rights litigation, and activism. Since winning the landmark case in the United States Supreme Court, '' Rasul v. Bush'' (2004), establishing the right of detainees at Guantanamo Bay detainment camp to challenge their status in US courts and gain legal representation. History Incorporation for the Civil Rights Legal Defense Fund was filed on September 9, 1966; in February, 1967, the name was changed to the Law Center for Constitutional Rights. In 1970, the name was shortened to the Center for Constitutional Rights. The founders, Morton Stavis ...
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Palestine Legal
Palestine Legal is an advocacy group focused on defending people who support Palestinian rights. The group is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Its founder and director is Dima Khalidi, a Palestinian born in Beirut and raised in the US. Activity In 2015, Palestine Legal published a report with the Center for Constitutional Rights about what the two organizations described as "the Palestine exception to free speech." During the first four months of 2015, the organization reported responding to 102 requests from university students and faculty for legal aid, most of them involving accusations of support for terrorism and antisemitism. In 2019, Palestine Legal lawyers reported responding to more than 180 attempts to suppress the speech of students and academics supporting Palestinian rights. In May 2021, ''Truthout Truthout is an American Nonprofit organization, non-profit Progressivism in the United States, progressive news organization which describes itself as "dedica ...
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Irene Khan
Irene Zubaida Khan (; born 24 December 1956) is a Bangladeshi British lawyer and human rights activist. She is serving as the United Nations Special Rapporteur for freedom of expression and opinion. She previously served as the seventh Secretary General of Amnesty International (from 2001 to 2009). In 2011, she was elected Director-General of the International Development Law Organization (IDLO) in Rome, an intergovernmental organization that works to promote the rule of law, and sustainable development. She was a consulting editor of ''The Daily Star (Bangladesh), The Daily Star'' in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2011. Early life Khan was born on 24 December 1956 in Dhaka, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), though her ancestral home is in South Surma, Birahimpur, Sylhet District, Sylhet. She is the daughter of Sikander Ali Khan, a Bengali Muslim medical doctor; granddaughter of Ahmed Ali Khan, a Cambridge University mathematics graduate and barrister; and great-granddaughter of Assadar ...
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United Nations Special Rapporteur
Special rapporteur (or independent expert) is the title given to independent human rights experts whose expertise is called upon by the United Nations (UN) to report or advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specific perspective. Depending on the specific mandate, there can also be working groups composed of an independent expert from each of the five UN regional groupings: Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, and the Western group. Their work falls within the scope of "special procedure" mechanisms under the United Nations Human Rights Council, and their contributions can advance human rights through a variety of activities, including, but not limited to improving access to redress, policy reform, mainstreaming human rights, raising human rights awareness, and acting to prevent or cease rights violations. The mandate by the United Nations has been to "examine, monitor, advise, and publicly report" on human rights problems through "activit ...
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Ilan Pappé
Ilan Pappé ( ; born 7 November 1954) is an Israeli historian, political scientist, and former politician. He is a professor with the College of Social Sciences and International Studies at the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom, director of the university's European Centre for Palestine Studies, and co-director of the Exeter Centre for Ethno-Political Studies. Pappé was also a board member of the Israeli political party Hadash, and was a candidate on the party list in the 1996 and 1999 Israeli legislative elections. Pappé was born in Haifa, Israel, in 1954. Pappé is one of Israel's New Historians; since the release of pertinent British and Israeli government documents in the early 1980s, he has written extensively on the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight. Pappé's work makes the case that the expulsions were the result of a systematic ethnic cleansing, for which Plan Dalet served as a blueprint. Prior to coming to the United Kingdom, he was a senior lecturer in ...
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