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Palaeolama
''Palaeolama'' () is an extinct genus of lamine camelids that existed from the Pleistocene to the Holocene (). Their range extended from North America to the intertropical region of South America. Description ''Palaeolama'' species were relatives of modern Lamines that lived in the New World from the Pleistocene around 1.9 million years ago to potentially the Holocene epoch around 3,353–4,231 years cal. Before Present (BP). Fossil evidence suggests that it had a slender head, elongate snout, and stocky legs. They likely weighed around or up to , surpassing the weight of modern llamas. They were specialized forest browsers and are often found in association with early equids, tapirs, deer, and mammoth. Skull ''Palaeolama'' had a long, slender skull with an elongated rostrum and robust jaw. This morphology more closely resembles the cranial morphology of '' Hemiauchenia'' than that of modern llamas. Dental The jaw and dental morphology of ''Palaeolama'' species disti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camelidae
Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only currently living family in the suborder Tylopoda. The seven extant members of this group are: dromedary camels, Bactrian camels, wild Bactrian camels, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. Camelids are even-toed ungulates classified in the order Artiodactyla, along with species including whales, pigs, deer, cattle, and antelopes. Characteristics Camelids are large, strictly herbivorous animals with slender necks and long legs. They differ from ruminants in a number of ways.Fowler, M.E. (2010). ''Medicine and Surgery of Camelids'', Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. Chapter 1 "General Biology and Evolution" addresses the fact that camelids (including camels and llamas) are not ruminants, pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants. Their dentition show traces of vestigial central incisors in the incisive bone, and the third incisors have developed into canine-like tusks. Camelids also have true canine teeth and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lamini
Lamini (members are called ''lamines'') is a tribe of the subfamily Camelinae. It contains one extant genus with four species, all exclusively from South America: llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. The former two are domesticated species, while the latter two are only found in the wild. None display sexual dimorphism. The four species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Additionally, there are several extinct genera. The digestive system of lamoids allows them to digest certain toxins. Laminoids also lack a gallbladder. Evolutionary history Lamines originated during the Miocene in North America, and migrated into South America during the Pliocene and Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange. Most species of lamines, including the genera '' Hemiauchenia'' and '' Palaeolama'' and all North American species, became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago as part of the Quaternary extinction event along with most other large ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemiauchenia
''Hemiauchenia'' is a genus of lamine camelids that evolved in North America in the Miocene period about 10 million years ago. This genus diversified and entered South America in the Late Pliocene about three to two million years ago, as part of the Great American Biotic Interchange. The genus became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene. The monophyly of the genus has been considered questionable, with phylogenetic analyses finding the genus to paraphyletic or polyphyletic, with some species suggested to be more closely related to living lamines ( llamas and relatives) than to other ''Hemiauchenia'' species. This genus gave rise to the genus ''Lama'', of which modern lamines belong to. Broad features of genus ''Hemiauchenia'' The genus name is derived from the (, "half"-) and αὐχήν (, "neck"). Species are specified using Latin adjectives or Latinised names from other languages. North American fossils Remains of these species have been found in assorted locatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene ( ; referred to colloquially as the ''ice age, Ice Age'') is the geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in 2009 by the International Union of Geological Sciences, the cutoff of the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene was regarded as being 1.806 million years Before Present (BP). Publications from earlier years may use either definition of the period. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology. The name is a combination of Ancient Greek () 'most' and (; Latinized as ) 'new'. The aridification and cooling trends of the preceding Neogene were continued in the Pleistocene. The climate was strongly variable depending on the glacial cycle, oscillating between cold Glacial period, glacial periods and warmer Interglacial, int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tapiroidea
Tapiroidea is a superfamily of Perissodactyla, perissodactyls which includes the modern tapir, tapirs and their extinct relatives. Taxonomically, they are placed in suborder Ceratomorpha along with the rhino superfamily, Rhinocerotoidea. The first members of Tapiroidea appeared during the Early Eocene, 55 million years ago, and were present in North America and Asia during the Eocene. Tapiridae first appeared during the early Oligocene in Europe, and are thought to have originated from the tapiroid family Helaletidae. Taxonomy *Superfamily Tapiroidea **Family †Deperetellidae ***Genus †''Bahinolophus'' ***Genus †''Deperetella'' ***Genus †''Irenolophus'' ***Genus †''Teleolophus'' **Family Tapiridae ***Genus †''Eotapirus'' ***Genus †''Miotapirus'' ***Genus †''Nexuotapirus'' ***Genus †''Paratapirus'' ***Genus †''Plesiotapirus'' ***Genus †''Protapirus'' (syn. ''Tanyops'') ***Genus †''Tapiravus'' ***Genus ''Tapirus'' **Family †Helaletidae ***Genus †''Colod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annual Review Of Ecology And Systematics
The ''Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics'' is an annual scientific journal published by Annual Reviews. The journal was established in 1970 as the ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics'' and changed its name beginning in 2003. It publishes invited review articles on topics considered to be timely and important in the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, and systematics. ''Journal Citation Reports'' gave the journal a 2023 impact factor of 11.2, ranking it third of 195 journals in the "Ecology" category and third of 54 journals in "Evolutionary Biology". it is being published as open access, under the Subscribe to Open model. History The ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics'' was first published in 1970, with Richard F. Johnston as its first editor. In 1975 it began publishing biographies of notable ecologists in the prefatory chapter. In 2003, its name was changed to its current form, the ''Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systemati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quaternary International
''Quaternary International'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on quaternary science published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Union for Quaternary Research. The journal was established in 1989 and covers full spectrum of the physical and natural sciences that are commonly employed in solving problems related to the quaternary period. The editor-in-chief is Min-Te Chen ( National Taiwan Ocean University). According to the 2017 ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2016 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 2.199. References External links * Quaternary science journals English-language journals Elsevier academic journals Academic journals established in 1989 Journals published between 27 and 51 times per year Acade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of South American Earth Sciences
The ''Journal of South American Earth Sciences'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers the earth sciences, primarily on issues that are relevant to South America, Central America, the Caribbean, Mexico, and Antarctica. The journal was established in 1988 and the editor-in-chief is James Kellogg (University of South Carolina). According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 1.533. See also *'' Ameghiniana'' *''Andean Geology ''Andean Geology'' (formerly ''Revista Geológica de Chile'') is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published three times per year by the National Geology and Mining Service, Chile's geology and mining agency. The journal covers the field of geo ...'' *'' Brazilian Journal of Geology'' *'' Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis'' *'' Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina'' References External links * Geology journals Geology of South America Geolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metapodial
Metapodials are long bone The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities ...s of the hand ( metacarpals) and feet ( metatarsals) which connect the digits to the lower leg bones. In humans, five are present in each hand and foot. In quadrupeds, these form the lower limb, rather than being part of the extremity, thus what looks to be the elbow of a sheep is actually the wrist. References Bones of the upper limb Bones of the lower limb Bones of the hand {{musculoskeletal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brachyodont
The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name ''molar'' derives from Latin, ''molaris dens'', meaning "millstone tooth", from ''mola'', millstone and ''dens'', tooth. Molars show a great deal of diversity in size and shape across the mammal groups. The third molar of humans is sometimes vestigial. Human anatomy In humans, the molar teeth have either four or five cusps. Adult humans have 12 molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The third, rearmost molar in each group is called a wisdom tooth. It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the front of the gum at about the age of 20, although this varies among individuals and populations, and in many cases the tooth is missing. The human mouth contains upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) molars. They are: maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, maxillary third molar, man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Vertebrate Paleontology
The ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1980 by Jiri Zidek (University of Oklahoma). It covers all aspects of vertebrate paleontology, including vertebrate origins, evolution, functional morphology, taxonomy, biostratigraphy, paleoecology, paleobiogeography, and paleoanthropology. The journal is published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. According to ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2017 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 2.190. References External links * Paleontology journals Academic journals established in 1980 Quarterly journals English-language journals Taylor & Francis academic journals {{Oklahoma- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dorsoventrally
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to describe unambiguously the anatomy of humans and other animals. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms, the body is described through the use of anatomical planes and axes. The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether a vertebrate is a biped or a quadruped, due to the difference in the neuraxis, or if an invertebrate is a non-bilaterian. A non-bilaterian has no anterior or posterior surface for example but can still have a descriptor used such as proximal or distal in relation to a body part that is nearest to, or furthest from its middle. International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standards for subdisciplines of anatomy. For example, ''Terminologia Anato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
