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PIAS3
E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIAS3 gene. Discovery IAS proteins were originally identified in studies that were aimed to decipher the Janus Kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling pathway. Originally, PIAS3 was found to interact specifically with phosphorylated STAT3 in Interleukin -6 (IL-6) activated murine myeloblast M1 cells. This interaction is mediated via PIAS3 binding to the STAT3 DNA binding domain. Hence, STAT3 transcriptional activity is inhibited by the physical prevention of its binding to target genes. Subsequently, PIAS3 was also found to be a regulator protein of other key transcription factors, including MITF, NFκB, SMAD and estrogen receptor. PIAS family The mammalian PIAS family consists of four members: PIAS1, PIAS2, PIAS3 (this gene) and PIAS4. In ''Drosophila'', a single PIAS homologue named dPIAS/Zimp has been identified. In yeast, two PIAS-related proteins were identified namely SIZ1 and SIZ2. The PIAS famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Protein Inhibitor Of Activated STAT
Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS), also known as E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS, is a protein that Transcriptional regulation, regulates transcription in mammals. PIAS proteins act as Transcription coregulator, transcriptional co-regulators with at least 60 different proteins in order to either Activator (genetics), activate or Repressor, repress Transcription (genetics), transcription. The transcription factors STAT protein, STAT, NF-κB, p73, and p53 are among the many proteins that PIAS interacts with. The seven proteins that belong to the mammalian PIAS Protein family, family are encoded by four genes: ''PIAS1'', ''PIAS2'' (''PIASx''), ''PIAS3'', and ''PIAS4'' (''PIASy''). Apart from PIAS1, each gene encodes two protein isoforms. Homology (biology), Homologues of PIAS proteins have been found in other eukaryotes, including Zimp/dPIAS in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' and zfPIAS4a in zebrafish. SIZ1 and SIZ2 were two homologues identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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MITF
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 32 or bHLHe32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MITF'' gene. MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor involved in lineage-specific pathway regulation of many types of cells including melanocytes, osteoclasts, and mast cells. The term "lineage-specific", since it relates to MITF, means genes or traits that are only found in a certain cell type. Therefore, MITF may be involved in the rewiring of signaling cascades that are specifically required for the survival and physiological function of their normal cell precursors. MITF, together with transcription factor EB ( TFEB), TFE3 and TFEC, belong to a subfamily of related bHLHZip proteins, termed the MiT-TFE family of transcription factors. The factors are able to form stable DNA-binding homo- and heterodimers. The gene that encodes for MITF resides at the ''mi'' locus in mice, and its protum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 32 or bHLHe32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MITF'' gene. MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor involved in lineage-specific pathway regulation of many types of cells including melanocytes, osteoclasts, and mast cells. The term "lineage-specific", since it relates to MITF, means genes or traits that are only found in a certain cell type. Therefore, MITF may be involved in the rewiring of signaling cascades that are specifically required for the survival and physiological function of their normal cell precursors. MITF, together with transcription factor EB ( TFEB), TFE3 and TFEC, belong to a subfamily of related bHLHZip proteins, termed the MiT-TFE family of transcription factors. The factors are able to form stable DNA-binding homo- and heterodimers. The gene that encodes for MITF resides at the ''mi'' locus in mice, and its protu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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GFI1
Zinc finger protein Gfi-1 is a transcriptional repressor that in humans is encoded by the ''GFI1'' gene. It is important normal hematopoiesis Haematopoiesis (; ; also hematopoiesis in American English, sometimes h(a)emopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells. In a healthy adult human, roughly ten .... Gfi1 (growth factor independence 1) is a transcriptional repressor that plays a critical role in hematopoiesis and in protecting hematopoietic cells against stress-induced apoptosis. Recent research has shown that Gfi1 upregulates the expression of the nuclear protein Hemgn, which contributes to its anti-apoptotic activity. This upregulation is mediated through a specific 16-bp promoter region and is dependent on Gfi1’s interaction with the histone demethylase LSD1. Gfi1 represses PU.1, and this repression precedes and correlates with the upregulation of Hemgn. The upregulation of Hemgn, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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HMGA2
High-mobility group AT-hook 2, also known as HMGA2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''HMGA2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group (HMG) protein family. HMG proteins function as architectural factors and are essential components of the enhanceosome. This protein contains structural DNA-binding domains and may act as a transcriptional regulating factor. Identification of the deletion, amplification, and rearrangement of this gene that are associated with lipomas suggests a role in adipogenesis and mesenchymal differentiation. A gene knock-out study of the mouse counterpart demonstrated that this gene is involved in diet-induced obesity. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. The expression of HMGA2 in adult tissues is commonly associated with both malignant and benign tumor formation, as well as certain characteristic cancer-promoting mu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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RELA
Transcription factor p65 also known as nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RELA'' gene. RELA, also known as p65, is a REL-associated protein involved in NF-κB heterodimer formation, nuclear translocation and activation. NF-κB is an essential transcription factor complex involved in all types of cellular processes, including cellular metabolism, chemotaxis, etc. Phosphorylation and acetylation of RELA are crucial post-translational modifications required for NF-κB activation. RELA has also been shown to modulate immune responses, and activation of RELA is positively associated with multiple types of cancer. Gene and expression RELA, or v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A, is also known as p65 or NFKB3. It is located on chromosome 11 q13, and its nucleotide sequence is 1473 nucleotide long. RELA protein has four isoforms, the longest and the predominant one being 551 amino acids. RELA is expressed along ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 2
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMAD2'' gene. MAD homolog 2 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the ''Drosophila'' gene ' mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the '' C. elegans'' gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. Function SMAD2 mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, this protein is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member SMA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Enzyme
An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as product (chemistry), products. Almost all metabolism, metabolic processes in the cell (biology), cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme, pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts include Ribozyme, catalytic RNA molecules, also called ribozymes. They are sometimes descr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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TAR Syndrome
TAR syndrome (thrombocytopenia with absent radius) is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by the absence of the radius bone in the forearm and a dramatically reduced platelet count. It is associated with cardiac defects, dysmorphic features, and petechiae. It involves a 1q21 deletion with RMB8A variant on other allele. Signs and symptoms * Presents with symptoms of thrombocytopenia, or a lowered platelet count, leading to bruising and potentially life-threatening hemorrhage. * Absence of the radius bone in the forearm with preservation of the thumb. Other common links between people with TAR syndrome include anemia, heart problems, kidney problems, knee joint problems, and frequently milk allergy. Different cases with leukemia in patients with TAR are described in. Genetics This condition requires mutations in both chromosomes.Brodie SA, Rodriguez-Aulet JP, Giri N, Dai J, Steinberg M, Waterfall JP, Roberson D, Ballew BJ, Zhou W, Anzick SL, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Zhu Y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 3
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 also known as SMAD family member 3 or SMAD3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD3 gene. SMAD3 is a member of the SMAD family of proteins. It acts as a mediator of the signals initiated by the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines, which regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Based on its essential role in TGF beta signaling pathway, SMAD3 has been related with tumor growth in cancer development. Gene The human SMAD3 gene is located on chromosome 15 on the cytogenic band at 15q22.33. The gene is composed of 9 exons over 129,339 base pairs. It is one of several human homologues of a gene that was originally discovered in the fruit fly ''Drosophila melanogaster''. The expression of SMAD3 has been related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK pathway), particularly to the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1). Studies have demonstrated that inh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Transcription Factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription (genetics), transcription of genetics, genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. The function of TFs is to regulate—turn on and off—genes in order to make sure that they are Gene expression, expressed in the desired Cell (biology), cells at the right time and in the right amount throughout the life of the cell and the organism. Groups of TFs function in a coordinated fashion to direct cell division, cell growth, and cell death throughout life; cell migration and organization (body plan) during embryonic development; and intermittently in response to signals from outside the cell, such as a hormone. There are approximately 1600 TFs in the human genome. Transcription factors are members of the proteome as well as regulome. TFs work alone or with other proteins in a complex, by promoting (a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |