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Ownership Unbundling
Ownership unbundling is the process by which a company is divested of some of its asset via legislation. This is often done to break up monopolies. Vertically integrated businesses are often ownership unbundled to achieve more competitive markets. The First Railway Directive and Third Energy Package The European Union's Third Energy Package is a legislative package for an internal gas and electricity market in the European Union. Its purpose is to further open up the gas and electricity markets in the European Union. The package was proposed ... in the EU both have this as their aims. Monopoly (economics) {{Law-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monopolies
A monopoly (from Greek el, μόνος, mónos, single, alone, label=none and el, πωλεῖν, pōleîn, to sell, label=none), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situation where a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular thing. This contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity's control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly and duopoly which consists of a few sellers dominating a market. Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goods, and the possibility of a high monopoly price well above the seller's marginal cost that leads to a high monopoly profit. The verb ''monopolise'' or ''monopolize'' refers to the ''process'' by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is a busin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Railway Directive
The Single European Railway Directive 2012''2012/34/EUis an EU Directive that regulates railway networks in European Union law. This recast the "First Railway Directive" or "Package" from 1991, and allows open access operations on railway lines by companies other than those that own the rail infrastructure. The legislation was extended by further directives to include cross border transit of freight. In September 2010, the process of merging the directives into a single piece of legislation was begun, with the addition of modifications to strengthen the regulatory framework. The Second Railway Package, the Third Railway Package, and the Fourth Railway Package aim to push integration further. Background In many countries in Europe, the railway systems developed as separate privately owned companies operating regional networksFor example in the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, Germany. with permission to construct and operate a line being granted or instructed by government legi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third Energy Package
The European Union's Third Energy Package is a legislative package for an internal gas and electricity market in the European Union. Its purpose is to further open up the gas and electricity markets in the European Union. The package was proposed by the European Commission in September 2007, and adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in July 2009. It entered into force on 3 September 2009. Core elements of the third package include ownership unbundling, which stipulates the separation of companies' generation and sale operations from their transmission networks, and the establishment of a National regulatory authority (NRA) for each Member State, and the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) which provides a forum for NRAs to work together. The EU energy market The European Commission and the Parliament wants to reach the goals of “Europe 2020 Strategy” through a secure, competitive and sustainable supply of energy to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
