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Outline Of The Red Terror (Russia)
The following Outline (list), outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to English Wikipedia articles about the Red Terror. The Red Terror () was a campaign of political repression and mass executions in Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Russia carried out by the Bolsheviks, mainly through the Cheka, their secret police force. It began officially in September 1918 and continued until 1922. The Red Terror was launched after assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin and the killings of Petrograd Cheka chief Moisei Uritsky and party editor V. Volodarsky. Inspired by the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, its goal was to crush political opposition and secure Bolshevik control. Bolshevik leader Leon Trotsky defended the use of terror, arguing it was a necessary response to the White Terror (Russia), White Terror that began in 1917. Overview * Red Terror – A campaign of mass arrests, executions, and repression by the Bolsheviks during t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reforms Of Russian Orthography
Russian orthography has been reformed officially and unofficially by changing the Russian alphabet over the course of the history of the Russian language. Several important reforms happened in the 18th–20th centuries. Early changes Old East Slavic adopted the Cyrillic script, approximately during the 10th century and at about the same time as the introduction of Eastern Christianity into the territories inhabited by the Eastern Slavs. No distinction was drawn between the vernacular language and the liturgical, though the latter was based on South Slavic languages, South Slavic rather than East Slavic languages, Eastern Slavic norms. As the language evolved, several letters, notably the ''yuses'' (Ѫ, Ѭ, Ѧ, Ѩ) were gradually and unsystematically discarded from both secular and church usage over the next centuries. The emergence of the centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, the consequent rise of the state bureaucracy along with the development of the com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolayevsk Incident
The Nikolayevsk incident or Nikolaevsk incident () was a series of mass killings that took place in the region of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur during the Russian Civil War. The massacre and terrorism perpetrated by the Red Army under Yakov Tryapitsyn (a group of Russian Bolshevik-anarchist, Chinese and Korean guerrillas led by Ilya Park) killed thousands of Russians in Nikolaevsk and devastated the region.The following papers acknowledge that the Red Army partisan detachment under Yakov Tryapitsyn committed massacres and war crimes against civilians: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . In general, historians agree that the event was a massacre in which there was "unprecedented and unprovoked brutality" that killed and devastated many people. Following a hastily prepared court-martial, Tryapitsyn and 29 of his colleagues were executed, while another 33 received prison terms. According to Bolshevik documents and trial verdicts, half of the population was killed in the massacre, of which t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yaroslavl Uprising
The Yaroslavl Uprising (known in Soviet historiography as the Yaroslavl Rebellion) was an episode of the Civil War in Russia, an anti–Bolshevik protest by the townspeople and members of Boris Savinkov's organization in Yaroslavl on July 6–21, 1918. Suppressed by the forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. The uprising began untimely, since the Extraordinary Commission by that moment had begun arresting the Moscow branch of the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom. This inopportune and inability to coordinate with other anti–Bolshevik forces around the region of the uprising predetermined an unfortunate outcome. The lack of reinforcements and ammunition from the rebels also affected. Preconditions and organization of the uprising Along with the Rybinsk Uprising and the Murom Uprising, the Yaroslavl Uprising was organized by the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, created by Boris Savinkov with the approval of the command of the Voluntee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tartu Credit Center Massacre
The Tartu Credit Center Massacre () was the mass execution of 19 people in the basement of the former Credit Center in Tartu, Estonia, on 14 January 1919. The execution was carried out by order of the Tartu Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia, Estonian Labor Commune immediately before the retreat of the Red Army from Tartu. Its most prominent victim was Platon Kulbusch, the first Estonian Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox bishop. Background The massacre at the Tartu Credit Center is part of the Red Army's policy of intimidation and extermination known as the Red Terror. The basis of the Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the Decree "On the Red Terror" of 5 September 1918, which ordered the execution of so-called "enemies of the people" or their placement in concentration camps. The decree is considered the official response of the Soviet government to the murder of V. Volodarsky and Moisei Uritsky by the Popular Socialists ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tagantsev Conspiracy
The Tagantsev conspiracy (or the case of the Petrograd Military Organization) was a non-existent Monarchism, monarchist conspiracy fabricated by the Cheka, Soviet secret police in 1921 to both decimate and terrorize potential Soviet dissidents against the ruling Bolshevik regime.Alexander N. Yakovlev, ''Century of Violence in Soviet Russia'', Yale University Press (2002), pages 107-108, . As its result, more than 800 people, mostly from scientific and artistic communities in Petrograd (modern-day Saint Petersburg), were arrested on false terrorism charges, out of which 98 were executed and many were sent to labour camps. Among the executed was the poet Nikolay Gumilev, the co-founder of the influential Acmeist poetry, Acmeist movement. In 1992, all those convicted in the Petrograd Combat Organization (PBO) case were rehabilitated and the case was declared fabricated. However, in the 1990s, documents confirming the existence of the organization were introduced into scientific circ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murder Of The Romanov Family
The abdicated Russian Imperial Romanov family (Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), Alexandra Feodorovna, and their five children: Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia, Olga, Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia, Tatiana, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia, Maria, Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, Anastasia, and Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia, Alexei) were shot and bayoneted to death by Bolshevik revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky on the orders of the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17 July 1918. Also murdered that night were members of the imperial entourage who had accompanied them: court physician Eugene Botkin; lady-in-waiting Anna Demidova; footman Alexei Trupp; and head cook Ivan Kharitonov. The bodies were taken to the Koptyaki forest, where they were stripped, mutilated with grenades and acid to prevent identification, and buried.Rappaport, p. 198. Following the Februar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opposition To Russian Orthodox Church During The Russian Civil War
Opposition to Russian Orthodox Church during the Russian Civil War refers to the opposition to the Russian Orthodox Church and its institutions across the territories held by the former Russian Empire after the fall of the Tsarist regime and eruption of the Russian Civil War in 1917. The initial anti-religious campaign of Bolsheviks after their seizure of power in 1917 focused on targeting Eastern Orthodx Church and seizure of its assets, along with antireligious legislation meant to deprive the church of its capacity to function. Religious situation before the October Revolution Since 1721 the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) had been the established church of the Russian Empire. The church reforms introduced by Peter I introduced a period of Caesaropapism to the ROC. This meant that while the ROC enjoyed substantial privileges, it was nevertheless subordinated to the state. As the intelligentsia became more critical of the Tsarist regime, this was often accompanied by a rejecti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De-Cossackization
De-Cossackization () was the Bolshevik policy of systematic repression against the Cossacks in the former Russian Empire between 1919 and 1933, especially the Don and Kuban Cossacks in Russia, aimed at the elimination of the Cossacks as a distinct collectivity by exterminating the Cossack elite, coercing all other Cossacks into compliance, and eliminating Cossack distinctness. Several scholars have categorised this as a form of genocide, There were also proposals for the "mass resettlement" of poor peasants in Cossack territories, which would ultimately result in Sovnarkom implementing the forced migration of Cossacks in April. In mid-March 1919 alone, Cheka forces condemned more than 8,000 Cossacks to death. In each ''stanitsa,'' summary judgements were passed by revolutionary courts within minutes, and whole lists of people were condemned to execution for "counterrevolutionary behavior".Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowsk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and Russian Civil War, a civil war. It can be seen as the precursor for Revolutions of 1917–1923, other revolutions that occurred in the aftermath of World War I, such as the German Revolution of 1918–1919. The Russian Revolution was a key events of the 20th century, key event of the 20th century. The Russian Revolution was inaugurated with the February Revolution in 1917, in the midst of World War I. With the German Empire inflicting defeats on the front, and increasing logistical problems causing shortages of bread and grain, the Russian Army was losing morale, with large scale mutiny looming. Officials were convinced that if Tsar Nicholas II abdicated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Repression In The Soviet Union
Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution. It culminated during the History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953), Stalin era, then declined, but it continued to exist during the "Khrushchev Thaw", followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Era of Stagnation, Brezhnev era, and it did not cease to exist until late in Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Gorbachev's rule when it was ended in keeping with his policies of glasnost and perestroika. Origins and early Soviet times Secret police had a long history in Tsarist Russia. Ivan the Terrible used the Oprichnina, Oprichina, while more recently the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, Third Section and Okhrana existed. Early on, the Leninism, Leninist view of the class conflict and the resulting notion of the dictatorship of the proletariat provided the theoretical basis of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terrorism And Communism
''Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky'' (; , ) is a book by Soviet Communist Party leader Leon Trotsky. First published in German in August 1920, the short book was written against a criticism of the Russian Revolution by prominent Marxist Karl Kautsky, who expressed his views on the errors of the Bolsheviks in two political tracts, ''Dictatorship of the Proletariat'', published in 1918 in Vienna, followed by '' Terrorism and Communism'', published in 1920. Trotsky's book, the first English edition of which bore the title ''The Defense of Terrorism,'' dismisses the notion of parliamentary democracy to govern Soviet Russia and defends the use of force against opponents of the revolution by the dictatorship of the proletariat and working class masses. History Kautsky opens the debate Early in August 1918, mere months after the November 1917 Bolshevik Revolution which brought the Communist Party to power in Russia, European Marxist Karl Kautsky published an oppos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
