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Ostforschung
''Ostforschung'' (; "research on the east") is a German term dating from the 18th century for the study of the areas to the east of the core German-speaking region. At its core, Ostforschung postulated that Germans and Germany were superior to Poles and Poland, and aimed to prove this thesis. The idea of German superiority and Prussian stereotypes about Poles were the core beliefs of this field of research. Traditional ''Ostforschung'' has fallen into disrepute with modern German historians as it often reflected Western European prejudices of the time towards Poles. The term ''Ostforschung'' itself remained in use in the names of some journals and institutes throughout the Cold War, but was replaced by more specific terms by the 1990s (e.g., the journal ''Zeitschrift für Ostforschung'', established in 1952, was renamed '' Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung'' in 1994). Since the 1990s, ''Ostforschung'' itself has become a subject of historical research. The tradition of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albert Brackmann
Albert Brackmann (24 June 1871, Hanover – 17 March 1952, Berlin-Dahlem)Goetting, Hans (1955).Brackmann, Albert Theodor Johann Karl Ferdinand" in: ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'', vol. 2, p. 504-505. Online version retrieved 2015-11-03. was a leading nationalist German historian associated with the '' Ostforschung'', a multi-disciplined organisation set up to co-ordinate German propaganda on Eastern Europe. After the Nazis took power, he became one of the chief propagandists in service of the regime. In this position he supported Nazi genocidal policies, ethnic cleansing and anti-semitism. At the conclusion of his university education in Tübingen, Leipzig, and Göttingen, Brackmann joined, at the age of twenty-seven, the staff of MGH (''Monumenta Germaniae Historica''),Burleigh, Michael (1988). "Albert Brackmann (1871-1952) Ostforscher: The Years of Retirement." ''Journal of Contemporary History'', 23(4), p. 573-588; here: p. 573. the leading German source publication for medieval ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zeitschrift Für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung
The ''Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung'' (''Journal of East Central European Studies'') is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the history and culture of Eastern Europe. It is published by the Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung (English: "Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe"; Marburg).Aubin, Hermann; Keyser, Erich; Schlenger, Herbert, 1952, ''Zeitschrift für Ostforschung'', 1 (1):3-5 History The journal was established in 1952 under the title ''Zeitschrift für Ostforschung'' (''Journal for Research on the East'') with Hermann Aubin, Herbert Schlenger, and Erich Keyser as editors. Until 1969, the journal was published by Elwert Verlag, but moved in 1994 to the Herder-Institut, obtaining its current name. Since 2017, the journal is also published with its English parallel title.Oberländer, Erwin (Ed.) Geschichte Osteuropas. Zur Entwicklung einer historischen Disziplin in Deutschland, Österreich und de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drang Nach Osten
(; 'Drive to the East',Ulrich Best''Transgression as a Rule: German–Polish cross-border cooperation, border discourse and EU-enlargement'' 2008, p. 58, Edmund Jan Osmańczyk, Anthony Mango, ''Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements'', 2003, p. 579, or 'push eastward',Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, ''Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945'', 1996, p. 118, 'desire to push east') was the name for a 19th-century German nationalist intent to expand Germany into Slavic territories of Central and Eastern Europe., 1981, p. 87 In some historical discourse, combines historical German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe, medieval (12th to 13th century) military expeditions such as those of the Teutonic Knights (the Northern Crusades), and Germanisation policies and warfare of modern German states such as those that implemented Nazism's concept of ''Lebensraum''. In Polish works the term could refer to programs for the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-Polish Sentiment
Polonophobia, also referred to as anti-Polonism () or anti-Polish sentiment are terms for negative attitudes, prejudices, and actions against Poles as an ethnic group, Poland as their country, and their culture. These include ethnic prejudice against Poles and persons of Polish descent, other forms of discrimination, and mistreatment of Poles and the Polish diaspora. This prejudice led to mass killings and genocide or it was used to justify atrocities both before and during World War II, most notably by the German Nazis and Ukrainian Nazis. While Soviet repressions and massacres of Polish citizens were ideologically motivated, the negative attitude of Soviet authorities to the Polish nation is well-attested. Nazi Germany killed between 1.8 and 2.7 million ethnic Poles; 140,000 Poles were deported to Auschwitz, where at least half of them perished. Anti-Polish sentiment includes stereotyping Poles as unintelligent and aggressive, as thugs, thieves, alcoholics, and ant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-Polish Sentiment In Europe
Polonophobia, also referred to as anti-Polonism () or anti-Polish sentiment are terms for negative attitudes, prejudices, and actions against Polish people, Poles as an ethnic group, Poland as their country, and Polish culture, their culture. These include ethnic prejudice against Poles and persons of Polish descent, other forms of discrimination, and mistreatment of Poles and the Polish diaspora. This prejudice led to mass killings and genocide or it was used to justify atrocities both before and during World War II, most notably by the Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles, German Nazis and Massacres of Poles in Volhynia, Ukrainian Nazis. While Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946), Soviet repressions and massacres of Polish citizens were ideologically motivated, the negative attitude of Soviet authorities to the Polish nation is well-attested. Nazi Germany killed between 1.8 and 2.7 million ethnic Poles; 140,000 Poles were deported to Auschwitz, where at least half ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generalplan Ost
The (; ), abbreviated GPO, was Nazi Germany's plan for the settlement and "Germanization" of captured territory in Eastern Europe, involving the genocide, extermination and large-scale ethnic cleansing of Slavs, Eastern European Jews, and other indigenous peoples of Eastern Europe categorized as "'' Untermenschen''" in Nazi ideology. The campaign was a precursor to Nazi Germany's planned colonisation of Central and Eastern Europe by Germanic settlers, and it was carried out through systematic massacres, mass starvations, chattel labour, mass rapes, child abductions, and sexual slavery. ''Generalplan Ost'' was only partially implemented during the war in territories occupied by Germany on the Eastern Front during World War II, resulting indirectly and directly in the deaths of millions by shootings, starvation, disease, extermination through labour, and genocide. However, its full implementation was not considered practicable during major military operations, and neve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Language
German (, ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western Europe, Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and Official language, official (or co-official) language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. It is also an official language of Luxembourg, German-speaking Community of Belgium, Belgium and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol, as well as a recognized national language in Namibia. There are also notable German-speaking communities in other parts of Europe, including: Poland (Upper Silesia), the Czech Republic (North Bohemia), Denmark (South Jutland County, North Schleswig), Slovakia (Krahule), Germans of Romania, Romania, Hungary (Sopron), and France (European Collectivity of Alsace, Alsace). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in the Americas. German is one of the global language system, major languages of the world, with nearly 80 million native speakers and over 130 mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Germany–Poland Relations
History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categorize history as a social science, while others see it as part of the humanities or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover the truth, or practical, to learn lessons from the past. In a more general sense, the term ''history'' refers not to an academic field but to the past itself, times in the past, or to individual texts about the past. Historical research relies on primary and secondary sources to reconstruct past events and validate interpretations. Source criticism is used to evaluate these sources, assessing their authenticity, content, and reliability. Historians strive to integrate the perspectives of several sources to develop a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Area Studies
Area studies, also known as regional studies, is an interdisciplinary field of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/ federal, or cultural regions. The term exists primarily as a general description for what are, in the practice of scholarship, many heterogeneous fields of research, encompassing both the social sciences and the humanities. Typical area study programs involve international relations, strategic studies, history, political science, political economy, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and other related disciplines. In contrast to cultural studies, area studies often include diaspora and emigration from the area. History While area studies had been taught at the Seminar for Oriental Languages of the Friedrich-Wilhelm University Berlin (now Humboldt-University) since 1887, interdisciplinary area studies became increasingly common in the United States and in Western scholarship after World War II. Before that war A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science In Nazi Germany
The position of science and technology in Nazi Germany was completely determined by party instructions and the political atmosphere established in the country. The state and party apparatuses, largely educated people from the lower classes of society, due to their inherent distrust and unfriendly attitude towards any knowledge, in principle did not contribute to the progress of science. On May 1, 1934, Bernhard Rust was appointed ''Reichs- und preußischen Minister für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung'' ( Reich Minister of Science, Education and Culture). He was charged with the responsibility of leading science in the spirit of party ideology and preparing for war. The regime encouraged, mainly, only science that gives an obvious result. The significance of fundamental science was not understood by the leaders of Nazi Germany. After the spectacular victory over France in 1940, Hitler considered his immediate political tasks (see ''Mein Kampf'') completed, and decreed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism in social science and anthropology—as well as in colloquial English discourse—means to apply one's own culture or ethnicity as a frame of reference to judge other cultures, practices, behaviors, beliefs, and people, instead of using the standards of the particular culture involved. Since this judgment is often negative, some people also use the term to refer to the belief that one's culture is superior to, or more correct or normal than, all others—especially regarding the distinctions that define each ethnicity's cultural identity, such as language, behavior, customs, and religion. In common usage, it can also simply mean any culturally biased judgment. For example, ethnocentrism can be seen in the common portrayals of the Global South and the Global North. Ethnocentrism is sometimes related to racism, stereotyping, discrimination, or xenophobia. However, the term "ethnocentrism" does not necessarily involve a negative view of the others' race or indica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethnic Supremacy
Supremacism is the belief that a certain group of people are superior to, and should have authority over, all others. The presumed superior group can be defined by age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, language, social class, ideology, nationality, culture, generation, or any other human characteristic. National Indian supremacism In Asia, Indians in Ancient India considered all foreigners barbarians. The Muslim scholar Al-Biruni wrote that the Indians called foreigners impure.''The First Spring: The Golden Age of India'' by Abraham Eraly p. 313 A few centuries later, Dubois observes that "Hindus look upon Europeans as barbarians totally ignorant of all principles of honour and good breeding... In the eyes of a Hindu, a Pariah (outcaste) and a European are on the same level." The Chinese also considered the Europeans repulsive, ghost-like creatures, and they even considered them devils. Chinese writers also referred to foreigners as barbarians. Russian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
