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Orthohepadnavirus
''Orthohepadnavirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family '' Hepadnaviridae''. Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 12 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic infections), and cirrhosis Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease, is the impaired liver function caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis due to damage caused by liver disease. Damage causes tissue repai .... Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: * '' Capuchin monkey hepatitis B virus'' * '' Chinese shrew hepatitis B virus'' * '' Domestic cat hepatitis B virus'' * '' Ground squirrel hepatitis virus'' * '' Hepatitis B virus'' * '' Long-fingered bat hepatitis B virus'' * '' Pomona bat hepatitis B virus'' * '' Roundleaf bat hepatitis B virus'' * '' Taï Forest hepadnavirus'' * '' Tent-making bat hepatitis B virus'' * '' Woodchuck hepatitis virus'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woolly Monkey Hepatitis B Virus
The ''woolly monkey hepatitis B virus'' (WMHBV) is a viral species of the '' Orthohepadnavirus'' genus of the '' Hepadnaviridae'' family. Its natural host is the woolly monkey (''Lagothrix)'', an inhabitant of South America categorized as a New World primate. WMHBV, like other hepatitis viruses, infects the hepatocytes, or liver cells, of its host organism. It can cause hepatitis, liver necrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). Because nearly all species of ''Lagothrix'' are threatened or endangered, researching and developing a vaccine and/or treatment for WMHBV is important for the protection of the whole woolly monkey genus. WMHBV is also of great interest to researchers because of its potential to teach us more about the human hepatitis B virus (HBV). WMHBV is a distant phylogenetic sister species to human HBV, although the evolutionary history of hepatitis B viruses is not well understood. Additionally, WMHBV was the first hepadnavirus other th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepadnaviridae
''Hepadnaviridae'' is a family of viruses. Humans, apes, and birds serve as natural hosts. There are currently 18 species in this family, divided among 5 genera. Its best-known member is hepatitis B virus. Diseases associated with this family include: liver infections, such as hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinomas (chronic infections), and cirrhosis. It is the sole accepted family in the order ''Blubervirales''. Taxonomy The following genera are recognized: * '' Avihepadnavirus'' * '' Orthohepadnavirus'' * '' Herpetohepadnavirus'' * '' Metahepadnavirus'' * '' Parahepadnavirus'' History and discovery Although liver diseases transmissible among human populations were identified early in the history of medicine, the first known hepatitis with a viral etiological agent was Hepatitis A, in the picornaviridae family. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) was identified as an infection distinct from Hepatitis A through its contamination of measles, mumps, and yellow fever vaccines in the 1930s and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatitis B Virus
''Hepatitis B virus'' (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, a species of the genus '' Orthohepadnavirus'' and a member of the '' Hepadnaviridae'' family of viruses. This virus causes the disease hepatitis B. Disease Despite there being a vaccine to prevent Hepatitis B, HBV remains a global health problem. Hepatitis B can be acute and later become chronic, leading to other diseases and health conditions. In addition to causing hepatitis, infection with HBV can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It has also been suggested that it may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Roles in disease Viral infection by ''Hepatitis B virus'' (HBV) causes many hepatocyte changes due to the direct action of a protein encoded by the virus, HBx, and to indirect changes due to a large increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) after infection. HBx appears to dysregulate a number of cellular pathways. HBx causes dysregulation in part by binding to genomic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ground Squirrel Hepatitis Virus
Ground squirrel hepatitis virus, abbreviated GSHV, is a partially double-stranded DNA virus that is closely related to human Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV).'''' It is a member of the family of viruses ''Hepadnaviridae'' and the genus ''Orthohepadnavirus.'' Like the other members of its family, GSHV has high degree of species and tissue specificity. It was discovered in Beechey ground squirrels, ''Spermophilus beecheyi'', but also infects Arctic ground squirrels, ''Spermophilus parryi.'' Commonalities between GSHV and HBV include morphology, DNA polymerase activity in genome repair, cross-reacting viral antigens, and the resulting persistent infection with viral antigen in the blood (antigenemia). As a result, GSHV is used as an experimental model for HBV. Morphology Genome Ground squirrel hepatitis virus consists of a DNA genome is primarily double-stranded. Like other hepadnaviruses, it consists of a single-stranded region of variable length th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus
''Woodchuck hepatitis virus'' (WHV) is a species of the genus ''Orthohepadnavirus''. It was first discovered in 1977 in a captive population of ''Marmota monax'', but has since been discovered in wild populations in the Eastern United States. Infected woodchucks which are unable to clear the infection inevitably develop hepatocellular carcinoma; this has led to the use of WHV in woodchucks as a model for human ''Hepatitis B virus ''Hepatitis B virus'' (HBV) is a partially double-stranded DNA virus, a species of the genus '' Orthohepadnavirus'' and a member of the '' Hepadnaviridae'' family of viruses. This virus causes the disease hepatitis B. Disease Despite there b ...'' infections. References Animal viral diseases Hepadnaviridae Groundhogs {{Virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taï Forest Hepadnavirus
Taï is a town in southwestern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Taï Department in Cavally Region, Montagnes District. Taï is also a commune. The town is between Taï National Park and the Cavally River. The river—which is the border with Liberia—is less than two kilometres south of the town. Previously, Taï was a sub-prefecture of the Guiglo Department; Taï Department was created on 22 March 2013. Taï is the stronghold of two indigenous ethnic groups: Oubi and Dao. The Oubi are an ethnic group belonging to the group of Krou people. They are found in the commune of Taï and in ten villages south of it, such as the villages of Gouléako 1, Gouléako 2, Paulé-Oula, Diéré-Oula, Port-Gentil, Tiolé-Oula, Sakré and Ziriglo. The Dao, meanwhile, are Guéré (Wé) who are also part of the large family Krou. The Dao are grouped in two villages near the town of Taï going north: the villages of Daobly and Ponan. There are also other Ivorian ethnic groups su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pomona Bat Hepatitis B Virus
Pomona may refer to: Places Argentina * Pomona, Río Negro Australia * Pomona, Queensland, Australia, a town in the Shire of Noosa * Pomona, New South Wales, Australia Belize * Pomona, Belize, a municipality in Stann Creek District Mexico * Pomona, Tabasco, a Mayan archeological site Namibia * Pomona, Namibia New Zealand * Pomona Island, New Zealand South Africa * Pomona, Kempton Park United Kingdom * Pomona, an old name for the Mainland of Orkney * Pomona Docks, in Manchester, England United States * Pomona, California * Pomona, Illinois * Pomona, Kansas * Pomona, Maryland * Pomona, Michigan * Pomona, Missouri * Pomona, New Jersey * Pomona, New York * Pomona, Tennessee * Pomona, Washington Academic institutions * California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, a public polytechnic university * Pomona College, a liberal arts college in Claremont, California Other uses * Pomona (fruit survey), a treatise on or a survey of fruit varieties * Pomona (mythology), the Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device. Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the smaller de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument to capture fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy is a major analytical method ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrograph
A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnify, magnified image of an object. This is opposed to a macrograph or photomacrograph, an image which is also taken on a microscope but is only slightly magnified, usually less than 10 times. Micrography is the practice or art of using microscopes to make photographs. A micrograph contains extensive details of microstructure. A wealth of information can be obtained from a simple micrograph like behavior of the material under different conditions, the phases found in the system, failure analysis, grain size estimation, elemental analysis and so on. Micrographs are widely used in all fields of microscopy. Types Photomicrograph A light micrograph or photomicrograph is a micrograph prepared using an optical microscope, a process referred to as ''photomicroscopy''. At a basic level, photomicroscopy may be performed simply by connecting a camera to a micros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
