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Orthodox Majesty
Orthodox Majesty (, ) was the honorific title given in 1661 by Pope Alexander VII to King John II Casimir of Poland and Lithuania and his successors. This was done as a reward for the banishment of Socinians from Poland by the Sejm in 1658. The sobriquet ''Righteous King'' in its original, Latin version of ''Rex Orthodoxus'' was wrongly connected with the Eastern Christian Orthodoxy, while the traditional and dominant religion in the state was Catholicism. The original grantee, John II Casimir, abdicated in 1668 and left Poland. The title was eventually not adopted by the successive Polish monarchs and used only occasionally by John III, who himself was given the title of Defender of the Faith (''Defensor Fidei'') by Pope Innocent XI in 1684, following his victory over the |
Bacciarelli - Jan Kazimierz
Marcello Bacciarelli (; 16 February 1731 – 5 January 1818) was a Poles, Polish-Italy, Italian painter of the late-baroque and Neoclassicism, Neoclassic periods. Biography He was born in Rome, and studied there under Marco Benefial. In 1750, with the recommendation of the architect Gaetano Chiaveri, Marcello was recruited to Dresden in Saxony, where he was employed by Elected King Augustus III of Poland. After the death of King Augustus, Marcello went to Vienna, and thence to Warsaw. In Dresden, he met Bernardo Bellotto and worked with this Italian painter throughout his life. He was recruited by King Stanisław II Augustus in 1766 to become the Director of the newly founded Royal Buildings and Estates. In Dresden, he married Federicka Richter, a woman painter known for miniature portraits. In Vienna, Marcello painted portraits of the imperial family, including the four daughters of Maria Teresa, Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen and her husband, prince Albert. In Warsaw, he p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apostolic Majesty
His (Royal) Apostolic Majesty was a styled title used by the Kings of Hungary, in the sense of being latter-day apostles of Christianity. First creation The origin of this title dates from about A.D. 1000 when it was conferred by Pope Silvester II upon Saint Stephen I (975–1038), the first Christian king of Hungary, who is supposed to have received it in recognition of his promoting the introduction of Christianity into Hungary and his zeal in seeking the conversion of the heathen. According to tradition, Stephen also received the ecclesiastical title of Apostolic Legate. The Habsburg dynasty saw themselves as heirs of Saint Stephen (''ca.'' 997–1038), inheritors of the title which they claimed had been bestowed by Pope Sylvester II. Arduin or Hartvik (1097–1103), bishop of Győr, the biographer of St. Stephen, recounts that the pope hailed the king as a veritable "Apostle" of Christ, with reference to his holy labours in spreading the Catholic faith through Hungary. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Roman Emperors
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans ( la, Imperator Romanorum, german: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period ( la, Imperator Germanorum, german: Römisch-deutscher Kaiser, lit, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire. The title was held in conjunction with the title of king of Italy (''Rex Italiae'') from the 8th to the 16th century, and, almost without interruption, with the title of king of Germany (''Rex Teutonicorum'', lit. "King of the Teutons") throughout the 12th to 18th centuries. The Holy Roman Emperor title provided the highest prestige among medieval Roman Catholic monarchs, because the empire was considered by the Roman Catholic Church to be the only successor of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Thus, in theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered ''primus inter par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miles Christianus
The ''miles Christianus'' (Christian soldier) or ''miles Christi'' (soldier of Christ) is a Christian allegory based on New Testament military metaphors, especially the Armor of God metaphor of military equipment standing for Christian virtues and on certain passages of the Old Testament from the Latin Vulgate. The plural of Latin ''miles'' (soldier) is ''milites'' or the collective ''militia''. By the 5th century, the Church had started to develop doctrines that allowed for Christian participation in battle, though this was limited by a requirement that the fighting must be undertaken to convert infidels or spread the glory of Christ. Christians were not to fight for conquest or personal glory. Overview The concepts of ''miles Christi'' and ''militia Christi'' can be traced back to the first century AD. The phrase ''miles Christi,'' derived from a letter from Paul the Apostle and much employed by Pope Gregory VII, also appeared in the '' Gesta Francorum'' in reference ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Roman Empire Of The German Nation
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 until the twelfth century, the Empire was the most powerful monarchy in Europe. Andrew Holt characterizes it as "perhaps the most powerful European state of the Middle Ages". The functioning of government depended on the harmonic cooperation (dubbed ''consensual rulership'' by Bernd Schneidmüller) between monarch and vassals but this harmony was disturbed during the Salian period. The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the House of Hohenstaufen in the mid-thirteenth century, but overextending led to partial collapse. On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe, more than three centuries after the fall of the earlier ancient We ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Most Faithful Majesty
Most Faithful Majesty ( pt, Sua Majestade Fidelíssima) was the title used by the Portuguese monarchs, from 1748 to 1910. The sobriquet Most Faithful King ( la, Rex Fidelissimus, pt, link=no, Rei Fidelíssimo) was a title awarded by the Pope Benedict XIV – as spiritual head of the Catholic Church – in 1748, to the King John V of Portugal and to his heirs. The title remains attached to monarchs descended from whoever received the original sobriquet. The sobriquet can be awarded to either a king or a queen. The only European monarchy that has received the sobriquet was the now-defunct monarchy of Portugal. Similar titles The monarchs of other countries have received similar titles from the pope: * Hungary: ''Apostolic Majesty'' (awarded ) * Venice: '' Most Serene Republic'' * France: ''Most Christian Majesty'' (awarded ) * Spain: '' Most Catholic Majesty'' (awarded in 1493) * England: ''Defender of the Faith'' (awarded in 1521 and revoked again c. 1530 by the Pope. Granted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Portugal
The Kingdom of Portugal ( la, Regnum Portugalliae, pt, Reino de Portugal) was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves between 1815 and 1822. The name is also often applied to the Portuguese Empire, the realm's overseas colonies. The nucleus of the Portuguese state was the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the '' Reconquista'', by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias. The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the battle of São Mamede. The kingdom was ruled by the Alfonsine Dynasty until the 1383–85 Crisis, after which the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fidei Defensor
Defender of the Faith ( la, Fidei Defensor or, specifically feminine, '; french: Défenseur de la Foi) is a phrase that has been used as part of the full style of many English, Scottish, and later British monarchs since the early 16th century. It has also been used by some other monarchs and heads of state. Scottish, English and British usage History The earliest use of the term appears in 1507, when King James IV of Scotland was granted the title of "Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith" by Pope Julius II. The title was conferred on James IV by the papal legate Robert Bellenden in a lavish ceremony in Holyrood Abbey. "Defender of the Faith" has been one of the subsidiary titles of the English and later British monarchs since it was granted on 11 October 1521 by Pope Leo X to King Henry VIII. His wife Catherine of Aragon also used the title. The title was conferred in recognition of Henry's book '' Assertio Septem Sacramentorum'' (''Defence of the Seven Sacraments'') ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of England
The Kingdom of England (, ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 12 July 927, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. On 12 July 927, the various Anglo-Saxon kings swore their allegiance to Æthelstan of Wessex (), unifying most of modern England under a single king. In 1016, the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster, and the City of London quickly established itself as England's largest and principal commercial centre. Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties: Norman (1066–1154), Plantagenet (1154–1485 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Most Catholic Majesty
The Latin title ''Rex Catholicissimus'', Anglicized as ''Most Catholic King'' or ''Most Catholic Majesty'', was awarded by the Pope to the Sovereigns of Spain. It was first used by Pope Alexander VI in the papal bull ''Inter caetera'' in 1493. The best-known example of this title is the Catholic Monarchs (''Los Reyes Católicos''), used solely in reference to Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Neither King Juan Carlos I nor Felipe VI have made use of the title, but they have not renounced it either. Similar titles The monarchs of other countries have received similar titles from the pope: * Hungary: ''Apostolic Majesty'' (Awarded about 1000.) * France: ''Most Christian Majesty'' (Awarded about 1380.) * England: ''Defender of the Faith'' (Awarded in 1521. Revoked about 1530. Continued to be used by the British Monarch.) * Portugal: ''Most Faithful Majesty Most Faithful Majesty ( pt, Sua Majestade Fidelíssima) was the title used by the Portuguese monarchs, fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its predecessor states between 1492 and 1976. One of the largest empires in history, it was, in conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, the first to usher the European Age of Discovery and achieve a global scale, controlling vast portions of the Americas, territories in Western Europe], Africa, and various islands in Spanish East Indies, Asia and Oceania. It was one of the most powerful empires of the early modern period, becoming the first empire known as " the empire on which the sun never sets", and reached its maximum extent in the 18th century. An important element in the formation of Spain's empire was the dynastic union between Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, known as the Catholic Monarchs, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Most Christian Majesty
Most or Möst or ''variation'', may refer to: Places * Most, Kardzhali Province, a village in Bulgaria * Most (city), a city in the Czech Republic ** Most District, a district surrounding the city ** Most Basin, a lowland named after the city ** Autodrom Most, motorsport race track near Most * Möst, Khovd, a district in Khovd, Mongolia * Most, Mokronog-Trebelno, a settlement in Slovenia Other uses * Most (surname), including a list of people with the surname * Franz Welser-Möst (born 1960), Austrian conductor * ''Most'' (1969 film), a film about WWII Yugoslavian partisans * ''Most'' (2003 film), a Czech film * '' Most!'', 2018 Czech TV series * Most (grape) or Chasselas * most (Unix), a terminal pager on Unix and Unix-like systems * Most (wine) or Apfelwein * ''most'', an English degree determiner * Monolithic System Technology (MoST), a defunct American fabless semiconductor company See also * MOST (other) * The Most (other) * Must (other) * M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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