Ophiurina

	Ophiurina Ophiurina are a suborder of brittle stars containing the majority of living brittle star species. Systematics There is currently no consensus as to the subdivision of the Ophiurina (traditionally, the infraorders have been treated as suborders). It contains the genera Amphiura, Amphipholis, and Ophiacantha. The suborder has been divided into the following recent infraorders and families :Smith, A.B.; Paterson, G.L.J., Ophiuroid phylogeny and higher taxonomy: morphological, molecular and palaeontological perspectives. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 114 (1995) * Ophiacanthidae Hemieuryalina Hemieuryalidae Chilophiurina Ophiuridae Gnathophiurina Amphilepididae Amphiuridae Ophiothricidae Ophiactidae * Ophionereididae Ophiocomidae Ophiocomidae are a family of brittle stars of the suborder Ophiurina. Systematics and phylogeny Ophiocomidae has been placed (along with Ophionereididae) to the superfamily Ophiocomidea and infraorder Gnathophiurina or suborder Gnathophiurina ... Op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiuridae Ophiuridae are a large family of brittle stars of the suborder Ophiurina. Description The arms are simple and unbranched, projecting from and well-fused to the edge of the disc. These arms move horizontally. The arm spines short and movable. They lie flat against the arms when stimulated, but held erect when the brittle star is at rest. Disc and arms are covered in naked, distinct scales. The scales are situated at both sides of the disc. The jaw is surrounded by a continuous series of mouth papillae. The base of the arm contains a single arm comb or an inner and outer arm comb. Systematics and phylogeny The fossils of Ophiuridae date back to Carboniferous ('' Aganaster''†). The family includes the following living genera: '' Anthophiura'' '' Astrophiura'' '' Dictenophiura'' '' Euvondrea'' '' Gymnophiura'' '' Haplophiura'' '' Homophiura'' '' Ophiambix'' '' Ophioceramis'' '' Ophiochalcis'' '' Ophiochorus'' '' Ophiochrysis'' '' Ophiocrates'' '' Ophiocrossota'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiolepididae Ophiolepididae are a family of brittle stars of the suborder Ophiurina. It includes both deep-sea and shallow-water species. Systematics and phylogeny The fossils of Ophiolepididae date back to the Anisian age of the Middle Triassic. The family includes the following living genera: '' Amphipholizona'' '' Aspidophiura'' '' Ophiolepis'' '' Ophiomaria'' '' Ophiomidas'' ''Ophiomusa ''Ophiomusa'' is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Ophiolepididae that includes: sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers. Ophiurida are similar to starfish; they both have a central disc and five arms sprouting from the disc. One ...'' '' Ophioplinthus'' '' Ophiothyreus'' '' Ophiotrochus'' '' Ophiozonoida'' '' Ophiuroconis'' '' Ophiurodon'' References Ophiurida Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances {{ophiuroidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiodermatidae Ophiodermatidae are a family of brittle stars in the suborder Ophiurina. Systematics and phylogeny Some fossils date as far back as the Changhsingian age, late in the Permian period. The family includes the following living genera: * '' Bathypectinura'' * '' Cryptopelta'' * '' Diopederma'' * '' Distichophis'' * '' Ophiarachna'' * ''Ophiarachnella'' * '' Ophiochaeta'' * '' Ophiochasma'' * '' Ophioclastus'' * '' Ophioconis'' * ''Ophioconus'' (accepted as '' Ophioconis'') * '' Ophiocormus'' * '' Ophiocryptus'' * '' Ophioderma'' * '' Ophiodyscrita'' * '' Ophioncus'' * '' Ophiopaepale'' * '' Ophiopeza'' * ''Ophiopezella'' (accepted as '' Ophiopeza'') * '' Ophiopinax'' * ''Ophiopsammus'' * '' Ophiostegastus'' * '' Ophiurochaeta'' * '' Pectinura'' * '' Schizoderma'' * ''Toporkovia'' (accepted as ''Ophiolimna ''Ophiolimna'' is a genus of brittle stars. References * Thuy B, Gale AS, Kroh A, Kucera M, Numberger-Thuy LD, Reich M, et al. (2012) Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Faun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Brittle Star Brittle stars, serpent stars, or ophiuroids (; ; referring to the serpent-like arms of the brittle star) are echinoderms in the class Ophiuroidea, closely related to starfish. They crawl across the sea floor using their flexible arms for locomotion. The ophiuroids generally have five long, slender, whip-like arms which may reach up to in length on the largest specimens. The Ophiuroidea contain two large clades, Ophiurida (brittle stars) and Euryalida (basket stars). Over 2,000 species of brittle stars live today. More than 1,200 of these species are found in deep waters, greater than 200 m deep. Range The ophiuroids diverged in the Early Ordovician, about 500 million years ago. Ophiuroids can be found today in all of the major marine provinces, from the poles to the tropics. Basket stars are usually confined to the deeper parts of this range; Ophiuroids are known even from abyssal (>6,000 m) depths. However, brittle stars are also common members of reef communities, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophionereididae Ophionereididae are a family of brittle stars. Systematics Ophionereididae has been placed (along with Ophiocomidae) to the superfamily Ophiocomidea and infraorder Chilophiurina or suborder Chilophiurina in different classifications. Ophionereididae contains the following genera: '' Ophiocrasis'' '' Ophiodoris'' ''Ophionereis ''Ophionereis'' is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Ophionereididae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species: '' Ophionereis albomaculata'' '' Ophionereis amphilogus'' '' Ophionereis andamanensis'' '' Ophi ...'' '' Ophioneroides'' '' Ophiotriton'' References Ophiurida Echinoderm families {{Ophiuroidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiochitonidae Ophionereididae are a family of brittle stars. Systematics Ophionereididae has been placed (along with Ophiocomidae) to the superfamily Ophiocomidea and infraorder Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ... Chilophiurina or suborder Chilophiurina in different classifications. Ophionereididae contains the following genera: '' Ophiocrasis'' '' Ophiodoris'' '' Ophionereis'' '' Ophioneroides'' '' Ophiotriton'' References Ophiurida Echinoderm families {{Ophiuroidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Gnathophiurina The Gnathophiurina are a group of Ophiuroidea mostly treated as suborder (but at first as an order Gnathophiurida, and sometimes as infraorder of OphiurinaSmith, A.B.; Paterson, G.L.J. . Ophiuroid phylogeny and higher taxonomy: morphological, molecular and palaeontological perspectives. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 114 (1995) or not used at all). Families * Amphilepididae Matsumoto, 1915 * Amphiuridae Amphiuridae (commonly called long-armed burrowing brittle stars or burrowing brittle stars) are a large family of brittle stars of the suborder Gnathophiurina. Some species are used to study echinoderm development (e.g. '' Amphipholis kochii'' an ... Ljungman, 1867 * Ophiactidae Matsumoto, 1915 * Ophiocomidae Ljungman, 1867 * Ophionereididae Ljungman, 1867 * Ophiothricidae Ljungman, 1867 References Ophiurida {{ophiuroidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiocomidae Ophiocomidae are a family of brittle stars of the suborder Ophiurina. Systematics and phylogeny Ophiocomidae has been placed (along with Ophionereididae) to the superfamily Ophiocomidea and infraorder Gnathophiurina or suborder Gnathophiurina in different classifications. Genera The following genera are included in the family according to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS):Ophiocomidae World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-08-30. * Subfamily Ophiocominae Genus '' Clarkcoma'' Devaney, 1970 Genus '' Ophiarthrum'' Peters, 1851 [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiura Ophiura ''Ophiura ophiura'' or the serpent star is a species of brittle star in the order Ophiurida. It is typically found on coastal seabeds around northwestern Europe. Description ''Ophiura ophiura'' has a circular central disc up to 35 mm (1.5 in) wide and five radially arranged, narrow arms each up to long. The general colour is mottled reddish-brown with a paler underside. Both the top and the underside of the disc are covered with calcareous plates. The arms are joined to the top rather than the edge of the disc and further small, articulating plates allow the arms to bend from side to side. Small spines on the arms lie flat against the surface. Four larger plates occur across the root of each arm with the outer pair having a comb-like edge, with 20 to 30 fine papillae in each.''Ophiura ophiura'' (Linn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiactidae Ophiactidae are a family of brittle stars. Genera The following genera are recognised by the World Register of Marine Species : '' Hemipholis'' Lyman, 1865 '' Histampica'' A.M. Clark, 1970 ''Ophiactis'' Lütken, 1856 ''Ophiopholis ''Ophiopholis'' is a genus of brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) found in oceans worldwide from tropics to temperate regions. Species The following species are recognised by the World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species ...'' Müller & Troschel, 1842 '' Ophiopus'' Ljungman, 1867 References Ophiurida Echinoderm families {{Ophiuroidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]

	Ophiurina Ophiurina are a suborder of brittle stars containing the majority of living brittle star species. Systematics There is currently no consensus as to the subdivision of the Ophiurina (traditionally, the infraorders have been treated as suborders). It contains the genera Amphiura, Amphipholis, and Ophiacantha. The suborder has been divided into the following recent infraorders and families :Smith, A.B.; Paterson, G.L.J., Ophiuroid phylogeny and higher taxonomy: morphological, molecular and palaeontological perspectives. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 114 (1995) * Ophiacanthidae Hemieuryalina Hemieuryalidae Chilophiurina Ophiuridae Gnathophiurina Amphilepididae Amphiuridae Ophiothricidae Ophiactidae * Ophionereididae Ophiocomidae Ophiocomidae are a family of brittle stars of the suborder Ophiurina. Systematics and phylogeny Ophiocomidae has been placed (along with Ophionereididae) to the superfamily Ophiocomidea and infraorder Gnathophiurina or suborder Gnathophiurina ... Op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiuridae Ophiuridae are a large family of brittle stars of the suborder Ophiurina. Description The arms are simple and unbranched, projecting from and well-fused to the edge of the disc. These arms move horizontally. The arm spines short and movable. They lie flat against the arms when stimulated, but held erect when the brittle star is at rest. Disc and arms are covered in naked, distinct scales. The scales are situated at both sides of the disc. The jaw is surrounded by a continuous series of mouth papillae. The base of the arm contains a single arm comb or an inner and outer arm comb. Systematics and phylogeny The fossils of Ophiuridae date back to Carboniferous ('' Aganaster''†). The family includes the following living genera: '' Anthophiura'' '' Astrophiura'' '' Dictenophiura'' '' Euvondrea'' '' Gymnophiura'' '' Haplophiura'' '' Homophiura'' '' Ophiambix'' '' Ophioceramis'' '' Ophiochalcis'' '' Ophiochorus'' '' Ophiochrysis'' '' Ophiocrates'' '' Ophiocrossota'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiolepididae Ophiolepididae are a family of brittle stars of the suborder Ophiurina. It includes both deep-sea and shallow-water species. Systematics and phylogeny The fossils of Ophiolepididae date back to the Anisian age of the Middle Triassic. The family includes the following living genera: '' Amphipholizona'' '' Aspidophiura'' '' Ophiolepis'' '' Ophiomaria'' '' Ophiomidas'' ''Ophiomusa ''Ophiomusa'' is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Ophiolepididae that includes: sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers. Ophiurida are similar to starfish; they both have a central disc and five arms sprouting from the disc. One ...'' '' Ophioplinthus'' '' Ophiothyreus'' '' Ophiotrochus'' '' Ophiozonoida'' '' Ophiuroconis'' '' Ophiurodon'' References Ophiurida Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances {{ophiuroidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiodermatidae Ophiodermatidae are a family of brittle stars in the suborder Ophiurina. Systematics and phylogeny Some fossils date as far back as the Changhsingian age, late in the Permian period. The family includes the following living genera: * '' Bathypectinura'' * '' Cryptopelta'' * '' Diopederma'' * '' Distichophis'' * '' Ophiarachna'' * ''Ophiarachnella'' * '' Ophiochaeta'' * '' Ophiochasma'' * '' Ophioclastus'' * '' Ophioconis'' * ''Ophioconus'' (accepted as '' Ophioconis'') * '' Ophiocormus'' * '' Ophiocryptus'' * '' Ophioderma'' * '' Ophiodyscrita'' * '' Ophioncus'' * '' Ophiopaepale'' * '' Ophiopeza'' * ''Ophiopezella'' (accepted as '' Ophiopeza'') * '' Ophiopinax'' * ''Ophiopsammus'' * '' Ophiostegastus'' * '' Ophiurochaeta'' * '' Pectinura'' * '' Schizoderma'' * ''Toporkovia'' (accepted as ''Ophiolimna ''Ophiolimna'' is a genus of brittle stars. References * Thuy B, Gale AS, Kroh A, Kucera M, Numberger-Thuy LD, Reich M, et al. (2012) Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Faun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Brittle Star Brittle stars, serpent stars, or ophiuroids (; ; referring to the serpent-like arms of the brittle star) are echinoderms in the class Ophiuroidea, closely related to starfish. They crawl across the sea floor using their flexible arms for locomotion. The ophiuroids generally have five long, slender, whip-like arms which may reach up to in length on the largest specimens. The Ophiuroidea contain two large clades, Ophiurida (brittle stars) and Euryalida (basket stars). Over 2,000 species of brittle stars live today. More than 1,200 of these species are found in deep waters, greater than 200 m deep. Range The ophiuroids diverged in the Early Ordovician, about 500 million years ago. Ophiuroids can be found today in all of the major marine provinces, from the poles to the tropics. Basket stars are usually confined to the deeper parts of this range; Ophiuroids are known even from abyssal (>6,000 m) depths. However, brittle stars are also common members of reef communities, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophionereididae Ophionereididae are a family of brittle stars. Systematics Ophionereididae has been placed (along with Ophiocomidae) to the superfamily Ophiocomidea and infraorder Chilophiurina or suborder Chilophiurina in different classifications. Ophionereididae contains the following genera: '' Ophiocrasis'' '' Ophiodoris'' ''Ophionereis ''Ophionereis'' is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Ophionereididae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species: '' Ophionereis albomaculata'' '' Ophionereis amphilogus'' '' Ophionereis andamanensis'' '' Ophi ...'' '' Ophioneroides'' '' Ophiotriton'' References Ophiurida Echinoderm families {{Ophiuroidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiochitonidae Ophionereididae are a family of brittle stars. Systematics Ophionereididae has been placed (along with Ophiocomidae) to the superfamily Ophiocomidea and infraorder Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ... Chilophiurina or suborder Chilophiurina in different classifications. Ophionereididae contains the following genera: '' Ophiocrasis'' '' Ophiodoris'' '' Ophionereis'' '' Ophioneroides'' '' Ophiotriton'' References Ophiurida Echinoderm families {{Ophiuroidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Gnathophiurina The Gnathophiurina are a group of Ophiuroidea mostly treated as suborder (but at first as an order Gnathophiurida, and sometimes as infraorder of OphiurinaSmith, A.B.; Paterson, G.L.J. . Ophiuroid phylogeny and higher taxonomy: morphological, molecular and palaeontological perspectives. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 114 (1995) or not used at all). Families * Amphilepididae Matsumoto, 1915 * Amphiuridae Amphiuridae (commonly called long-armed burrowing brittle stars or burrowing brittle stars) are a large family of brittle stars of the suborder Gnathophiurina. Some species are used to study echinoderm development (e.g. '' Amphipholis kochii'' an ... Ljungman, 1867 * Ophiactidae Matsumoto, 1915 * Ophiocomidae Ljungman, 1867 * Ophionereididae Ljungman, 1867 * Ophiothricidae Ljungman, 1867 References Ophiurida {{ophiuroidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiocomidae Ophiocomidae are a family of brittle stars of the suborder Ophiurina. Systematics and phylogeny Ophiocomidae has been placed (along with Ophionereididae) to the superfamily Ophiocomidea and infraorder Gnathophiurina or suborder Gnathophiurina in different classifications. Genera The following genera are included in the family according to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS):Ophiocomidae World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-08-30. * Subfamily Ophiocominae Genus '' Clarkcoma'' Devaney, 1970 Genus '' Ophiarthrum'' Peters, 1851 [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiura Ophiura ''Ophiura ophiura'' or the serpent star is a species of brittle star in the order Ophiurida. It is typically found on coastal seabeds around northwestern Europe. Description ''Ophiura ophiura'' has a circular central disc up to 35 mm (1.5 in) wide and five radially arranged, narrow arms each up to long. The general colour is mottled reddish-brown with a paler underside. Both the top and the underside of the disc are covered with calcareous plates. The arms are joined to the top rather than the edge of the disc and further small, articulating plates allow the arms to bend from side to side. Small spines on the arms lie flat against the surface. Four larger plates occur across the root of each arm with the outer pair having a comb-like edge, with 20 to 30 fine papillae in each.''Ophiura ophiura'' (Linn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ophiactidae Ophiactidae are a family of brittle stars. Genera The following genera are recognised by the World Register of Marine Species : '' Hemipholis'' Lyman, 1865 '' Histampica'' A.M. Clark, 1970 ''Ophiactis'' Lütken, 1856 ''Ophiopholis ''Ophiopholis'' is a genus of brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) found in oceans worldwide from tropics to temperate regions. Species The following species are recognised by the World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species ...'' Müller & Troschel, 1842 '' Ophiopus'' Ljungman, 1867 References Ophiurida Echinoderm families {{Ophiuroidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]