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Operatie Kraai
Operation Kraai (Operation Crow) was a Dutch military offensive against the '' de facto'' Republic of Indonesia in December 1948, following the failure of negotiations. With the advantage of surprise, the Dutch managed to capture the Indonesian Republic's temporary capital, Yogyakarta, and seized Indonesian leaders such as ''de facto'' Republican President Sukarno. This apparent military success was, however, followed by guerrilla warfare, while the violation of the Renville Agreement ceasefire diplomatically isolated the Dutch. This led to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of the United States of Indonesia. Referred to by the Dutch as the second , it is more commonly known in Indonesian history books and military records as ''Agresi Militer Belanda II'' (Second Dutch Military Aggression).Zweers (1995) Background The second or military operation was aimed at conquering Jogjakarta, the then Indonesian capital, and the other areas held by the Repu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution (), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (, ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postwar and Dutch East Indies#World War II and independence, postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesian Declaration of Independence, Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949. The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II Allies, World War II allies) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Repu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renville Agreement
The Renville Agreement was a United Nations Security Council-brokered political accord between the Netherlands, which was seeking to re-establish its colony in Southeast Asia, and Indonesian Republicans seeking Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution. Ratified on 17 January 1948, the agreement was an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the disputes that arose following the 1946 Linggadjati Agreement. It recognised a cease-fire along the Status Quo Line () or so-called " Van Mook Line", an artificial line that connected the most advanced Dutch positions. The agreement is named after , the ship on which the negotiations were held while anchored in Jakarta Bay. Background On 1 August 1947, an Australian resolution in the United Nations Security Council calling for a ceasefire between the Dutch and Indonesian Republican forces was passed. Dutch Lt. Governor-General Van Mook gave the ceasefire order on 5 August.Ide Anak Agung (1973), pp. 34–35. On 25 August ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of The Indonesian Army
A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular) with distinctive colours and design. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term ''flag'' is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and flags have evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is challenging (such as the maritime environment, where semaphore is used). Many flags fall into groups of similar designs called flag families. The study of flags is known as "vexillology" from the Latin , meaning "flag" or "banner". National flags are patriotic symbols with widely varied interpretations that often include strong military associations because of their original and ongoing use for that purpose. Flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for decorative purposes. Some military units are called "flags" after their use of flags. A ''flag'' (Arabic: ) is equivalent to a brigade in Arab countries. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian National Armed Forces
The Indonesian National Armed Forces (; abbreviated as TNI) are the military forces of the Republic of Indonesia. It consists of the Indonesian Army, Army (''TNI-AD''), Indonesian Navy, Navy (''TNI-AL''), and Indonesian Air Force, Air Force (''TNI-AU''). The President of Indonesia is the Commander-in-chief#Indonesia, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. , it comprises approximately 400,000 military personnel including the Indonesian Marine Corps (), which is a branch of the Navy. Initially formed with the name of the People's Security Army (TKR), then later changed to the Republic of Indonesia Army (TRI) before changing again its name to the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) to the present. The Indonesian Armed Forces were formed during the Indonesian National Revolution, when it undertook a guerrilla war along with informal militia. As a result of this, and the need to maintain internal security, the Armed forces including the Army, Navy, and Air Force has been organised ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of The Indonesian National Armed Forces
A flag is a piece of textile, fabric (most often rectangular) with distinctive colours and design. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term ''flag'' is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and flags have evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is challenging (such as the Maritime flag, maritime environment, where Flag semaphore, semaphore is used). Many flags fall into groups of similar designs called flag families. The study of flags is known as "vexillology" from the Latin , meaning "flag" or "banner". National flags are patriotic symbols with widely varied interpretations that often include strong military associations because of their original and ongoing use for that purpose. Flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for decorative purposes. Some military units are called "flags" after their use of flags. A ''flag'' (Arabic: ) is equival ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dirk Reinhard Adelbert Van Langen
Major general Dirk Reinhard Adelbert "Rein" van Langen (17 May 1898 – 20 January 1983) was a member of the chief of staff of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL), the territorial commander of East Java, and commander of the T-Brigade of the Royal Netherlands Army from 1946 to 1949, during the Indonesian National Revolution. Early career After attending the Royal Military Academy in Breda, the Netherlands, Van Langen was promoted from cadet-ensign to cadet-sergeant in October 1918. In July 1919 he was promoted to second lieutenant and departed on 13 September for the Dutch East Indies. Upon arrival, he was promoted to first lieutenant; he was placed in the sixteenth battalion in Meester Cornelis. He married on 17 June 1924 to Annie Bartelds (daughter of KNIL colonel Bartelds), with whom he had engaged in 1922. He was transferred to the garrison battalion of Palembang and Jambi in April 1927 and transferred to the first depot battalion in Bandung. On 8 March 1928, Va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simon Hendrik Spoor
General Simon Hendrik Spoor (; 12 January 1902 – 25 May 1949) was the Chief of Staff of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army and the Royal Dutch Army in the Dutch East Indies, from 1946 to 1949, during the Indonesian National Revolution. Career Spoor was educated at a secondary school in The Hague, the cadet school in Alkmaar and the Koninklijke Militaire Academie, Royal Military Academy in Breda. In 1923 he was appointed as second lieutenant of infantry and was seconded to the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army from 1924 in Dutch Borneo. From 1929 to 1932 he studied at the Higher War College in The Hague. After having served in the General Staff in Bandung for two years, in 1934 he took a position as teacher of strategy and tactics at the Royal Military Academy in Breda. In 1938, Spoor returned to the Dutch East Indies, as Head of the Political Affairs Department of the General Staff and the Higher War College in Bandung. He taught Laws of war and East Indies Martial law. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdul Haris Nasution
Abdul Haris Nasution (; 3 December 1918 – 6 September 2000) was a high-ranking Indonesian general and politician. He served in the military during the Indonesian National Revolution and remained in the military during the subsequent turmoil of the Parliamentary democracy and Guided Democracy. Following the fall of President Sukarno from power, he became the Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly under President Suharto. Born into a Batak Muslim family, in the village of Hutapungkut, Dutch East Indies, he studied teaching and enrolled at a military academy in Bandung. He became a member of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, but following the Japanese invasion, he joined the Defenders of the Homeland. Following the proclamation of independence, he enlisted in the fledgling Indonesian armed forces and fought during the Indonesian National Revolution. In 1946, he was appointed commander of the Siliwangi Division, the guerrilla unit operating in West Java. Afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Djatikoesoemo
List of Surakarta and Yogyakarta nobility titles, Goesti Pangeran Harjo Djatikoesoemo (1 July 1917 – 4 July 1992) was an Indonesian Army, Indonesian army officer and diplomat who served as the first Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army (1948–1949) and Ambassador to Singapore (1958–1960). He was a member of Surakarta Sunanate, Surakarta royal family, the 23rd son of Pakubuwono X. His body was buried in the royal graveyard at Imogiri in Bantul, Yogyakarta. He was recognized as a National Hero of Indonesia in 2002. Early life and education Djatikoesoemo was born in Surakarta, on 1 July 1917, the second son of Sultan Pakubuwono X. References {{National Heroes of Indonesia 1917 births 1992 deaths Ambassadors of Indonesia to France Ambassadors of Indonesia to Malaysia Ambassadors of Indonesia to Morocco Ambassadors of Indonesia to Singapore Chiefs of staff of the Indonesian Army Members of Pembela Tanah Air National Heroes of Indonesia Transport ministers of Indones ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sudirman
Sudirman (; 24 January 1916 – 29 January 1950) was an Indonesian military officer and revolutionary during the Indonesian National Revolution and the first commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Born in Purbalingga, Dutch East Indies, Sudirman moved to Cilacap in 1916 and was raised by his uncle. A diligent student at a Muhammadiyah-run school, he became respected within the community for his devotion to Islam. After dropping out of teacher's college, in 1936 he began working as a teacher, and later headmaster, at a Muhammadiyah-run elementary school. After the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Japanese occupied the Indies in 1942, Sudirman continued to teach, before joining the Japanese-sponsored Defenders of the Homeland (PETA) as a battalion commander in Banyumas in 1944. In this position he put down a rebellion by his fellow soldiers, but was later interned in Bogor. After Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, Indonesia proclaimed its independence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by Hamengkubuwono, a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an important centre for classical Javanese culture, Javanese fine arts and culture such as ballet, ''batik'' textiles, drama, Javanese literature, literature, music of Java, music, Javanese poetry, poetry, silversmithing, visual arts, and ''wayang'' puppetry. Renowned as a centre of Education in Indonesia, Indonesian education, Yogyakarta is home to a large student population and dozens of schools and universities, including Gadjah Mada University, the country's largest institute of higher education and one of its most prestigious. Yogyakarta is the capital of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and served as the Indonesian capital from 1946 to 1948 during the Indonesian National Revolution, with Gedung Agung as the president's office. One of the districts in s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emergency Government Of The Republic Of Indonesia
The Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (, PDRI) was established by Indonesian Republicans after the Netherlands occupied the at the time capital city of Yogyakarta in Central Java, the location of the temporary Republican capital during the Indonesian National Revolution. It was established in the city of Bukittinggi and led by Sjafruddin Prawiranegara. The Republic of Indonesia's Strategy Council had prepared an emergency plan to create a "government-in-exile" in Sumatra or overseas. Sjafruddin, the Minister of Welfare, went to Bukittinggi in preparation for this emergency plan. Before being captured by the Dutch, President Sukarno sent a telegraph message to Sjafruddin in Bukittinggi giving him a mandate to create a "Republic of Indonesia government in exile" but this was not received until 1949. A similar telegraph was sent to A.A. Maramis, Indonesian Minister of Finance in New Delhi, India. Based on the emergency plan, after the Dutch invasion, on 22 Decemb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
