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Ontsifor Lukinich
Ontsifor Lukinich (; died 1367) was a posadnik of Novgorod the Great in 1350–1354. He came from a Novgorodian boyar family that gave a number of posadniks to the city. He is most famous for reforming the office in 1359, increasing the number of posadniks and creating a ruling collective in the city. Life Ontsifor was active politically from 1342, when he first appears in Russian chronicles. That year, he led a war party out to the Volga River at the same time his father, Luka Varfolomeyev led troops into the Dvina Land, where Luka was killed (in the "Land Beyond the Portages," the unorganized part of the Novgorod Republic). Upon hearing this, the "common people" (''chernye liudi'', literally "the black people") in Novgorod (perhaps a faction loyal to Luka and Ontsifor) rose up against two men, Ondreshko and Posadnik Fedor Danilov, accusing them of masterminding Luka's murder. Ondreshko and Danilov subsequently fled to Koporye where they remained the winter. Ontsifor then appea ...
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Posadnik
A posadnik (, ) was a representative of the prince in some towns during the times of Kievan Rus', and later the highest-ranking official (mayor) in Novgorod (from 1136) and Pskov (from 1308). In the early 12th century, Novgorod won the right to elect its own posadnik, who was originally appointed by the prince to rule on his behalf during his absence, thus the posadnik became the elected burgomaster. In 1136, the prince Vsevolod was expelled and the Novgorod veche began to appoint and expel princes at its own will. The posadnik was so much of an official that the representative of the prince became known as the namestnik. Etymology The term ''posadnik'' appears to be derived from the early process of princely representation, when the prince placed (''posadi'') his men in towns such as Novgorod. History Novgorod Despite legends of posadniks such as Gostomysl that were set in the 9th century, the term ''posadnik'' first appears in the '' Primary Chronicle'' under the year 9 ...
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Neva River
The Neva ( , ; , ) is a river in northwestern Russia flowing from Lake Ladoga through the western part of Leningrad Oblast (historical region of Ingria) to the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. Despite its modest length of , it is the fourth-largest river in Europe in terms of average Discharge (hydrology), discharge (after the Volga, the Danube and the Rhine). The Neva is the only river flowing from Lake Ladoga. It flows through the city of Saint Petersburg, the three smaller towns of Shlisselburg, Kirovsk, Leningrad Oblast, Kirovsk and Otradnoye, Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Otradnoye, and dozens of settlements. It is navigable throughout and is part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway and White Sea–Baltic Canal. It is the site of many major historical events, including the Battle of the Neva in 1240 which gave Alexander Nevsky his name, the founding of Saint Petersburg in 1703, and the Siege of Leningrad by the German army during World War II. The river played a vital r ...
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1367 Deaths
Year 1367 ( MCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 18 – Ferdinand I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Peter I. * April 3 – Battle of Nájera: Pedro of Castile is restored as King of Castile (in modern-day Spain) after defeating his half-brother, Henry II. Pedro is aided in the battle by the English under Edward, the Black Prince, and Henry by the French. * April 24 – Otto I, "the Evil", becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (in modern-day Germany) on the death of his father, Ernst I. * October 1 – Red Turban Rebellions: Zhu Yuanzhang takes Suzhou from Zhang Shicheng, who unsuccessfully attempts suicide before being captured and taken to Nanjing, where he dies. * October 16 – Pope Urban V makes the first attempt to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon. This move is reversed in 1370, when he is forced to return to Avignon, and sh ...
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Andrey Zaliznyak
Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak ( rus, Андре́й Анато́льевич Зализня́к, p=zəlʲɪˈzʲnʲak; 29 April 1935 – 24 December 2017) was a Soviet and Russian linguist, an expert in historical linguistics, accentology, dialectology and grammar. Doctor of Philological Sciences (1965, while defending his Candidate thesis). In his later years he paid much attention to the popularization of linguistics and the struggle against pseudoscience. Biography Zaliznyak was born in Moscow and studied in the Moscow University before moving to the Sorbonne to further his studies with André Martinet. He was married to the linguist Elena V. Paducheva, with whom he also co-authored scientific publications. He was admitted into the Soviet Academy of Sciences as a corresponding member in 1987. Ten years later, he was elected a full academician. Zaliznyak's first monograph, ''Russian Nominal Inflection'' (1967), remains a definitive study in the field. Ten years later, ...
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Birch Bark Document
Birch bark manuscripts are documents written on pieces of the outer layer of birch bark, which was commonly used for writing before the mass production of paper. Evidence of birch bark for writing goes back many centuries and appears in various cultures. The oldest such manuscripts are the numerous Gandhāran Buddhist texts from approximately the 1st century CE, from what is now Afghanistan. They contain among the earliest known versions of significant Buddhist scriptures, including a ''Dhammapada'', discourses of Buddha that include the '' Rhinoceros Sutra'', Avadanas and Abhidharma texts. Sanskrit birch bark manuscripts written with Brahmi script have been dated to the first few centuries CE. Several early Sanskrit writers, such as Kālidāsa (), Sushruta (), and Varāhamihira (6th century CE) mention its use for manuscripts. The bark of ''Betula utilis'' (Himalayan Birch) is still used today in India and Nepal for writing sacred mantras. Russian texts discovered in Veliky Novgo ...
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Konets
This is a list of rural localities in Vologda Oblast. Vologda Oblast ( rus, Вологодская область, p=vəlɐˈɡotskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ, r=Vologodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is Vologda. Population: 1,202,444 ( 2010 Census). Babayevsky District Rural localities in Babayevsky District: Babushkinsky District Rural localities in Babushkinsky District: Belozersky District Rural localities in Belozersky District: Chagodoshchensky District Rural localities in Chagodoshchensky District: * Alexeyevskoye * Anishino * Anisimovo * Babushkino * Baranovo * Belskoye * Belye Kresty * Berezye * Borisovo * Bortnikovo * Chagoda * Cherenskoye * Chikusovo * Dubrova * Fishovo * Fryazino * Gora * Grechnevo * Grigoryevo * Ignashino * Izboishchi * Kabozha * Kharchikha * Klypino * Kochubino * Kolobovo * Kostyleva Gora * Kotovo * Krasnaya Gorka * Leshutino * Leshutinskaya Gora * Lukinskoye * ...
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Valentin Yanin
Valentin Lavrentievich Yanin (; 6 February 1929 – 2 February 2020) was a leading Russian historian who authored 700 books and articles. He had also edited a number of important journals and primary sources, including works on medieval Russian law, sphragistics and epigraphy, archaeology and history. His expertise was medieval Rus' especially Novgorod the Great, where he had headed archaeological digs beginning in 1962. Early life Yanin was born in Vyatka. His maternal grandparents were arrested in 1937 and died in a prison camp in 1938. His father was apparently on a list to be executed but escaped this fate and moved with his family to Moscow. Yanin finished his secondary education in 1946, graduating with a Gold Medal; he matriculated at Moscow State University in 1951. Research In 1954, he defended his Kandidat thesis on the monetary systems of pre-Mongol Rus. This was published as ''The Monetary and Weight Systems of Medieval Russia'' ("Денежно-весовые ...
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Novgorod Detinets
The Novgorod Detinets (), also known as the Novgorod Kremlin (), is a fortified complex ( detinets) in Veliky Novgorod, Russia. It stands on the left bank of the Volkhov River about two miles north of where it empties out of Lake Ilmen. History The compound was originally the site of a pagan burial ground upon which the first bishop of Novgorod, Ioakim Korsunianin, built the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom upon his arrival in the area in 989 or so. Thus the compound was and remained largely an ecclesiastical site, although many Novgorodian boyars built their houses in the southern part of the Detinets. The first reference of the fortification on the site dates to 1044, with additional construction taking place in 1116. These were probably earthen embankments topped by a wooden palisade, although stone towers and walls were built in 1302. Archbishop Vasily Kalika (1330–1352) rebuilt the stone wall along the eastern side of the Detinets in 1331–1335. The rest was completed in ston ...
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Novgorod First Chronicle
The Novgorod First Chronicle ( rus, Новгоро́дская пе́рвая ле́топись, Novgoródskaya pérvaya létopisʹ, nəvɡɐˈrot͡skəjə ˈpʲervəjə ˈlʲetəpʲɪsʲ, commonly abbreviated as NPL), also known by its 1914 English edition title ''The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471'', is the oldest extant Rus' chronicle of the Novgorod Republic. Written in Old East Slavic, it reflects a literary tradition about Kievan Rus' which differs from the '' Primary Chronicle''. The earliest extant copy of the NPL is the so-called Synod Scroll (), dated to the second half of the 13th century. First printed in 1841, it is currently preserved in the State Historical Museum. It is the earliest known manuscript of a major Old East Slavic chronicle, predating the '' Laurentian Codex'' of the ''Primary Chronicle'' by almost a century. In the 14th century, the Synod Scroll was continued by the monks of the Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod. Other important copies of the ''Novg ...
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Shlisselburg
Shlisselburg (, ; ; ; ), formerly Oreshek (Орешек) (1323–1611) and Petrokrepost (Петрокрепость) (1944–1992), is a town in Kirovsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the head of the Neva River on Lake Ladoga, east of St. Petersburg. Population: The Shlisselburg Fortress and the town center are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. History Fortress The city was founded in 1323 with a wooden fortress named Oreshek (), which was built by Prince Yury of Moscow (in his capacity as Prince of Novgorod) on behalf of the Novgorod Republic in 1323. After a series of conflicts, a peace treaty was signed at Oreshek on August 12, 1323, between Sweden and Grand Prince Yury and the Novgorod Republic. In 1348, King Magnus Eriksson attacked and briefly took the fortress during his crusade in the region from 1348 to c. 1351. It was largely ruined by the time the Novgorodians retook the fortress in 1351. In 1478, the Novgorod Republic was absorbed ...
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Izhorians
The Izhorians (; ; ; ) are a Finnic indigenous people native to Ingria. Small numbers can still be found in the western part of Ingria, between the Narva and Neva rivers in northwestern Russia. They are also referred to as Ingrians, although the term can also refer to the Ingrian Finns or the Baltic Finnic residents of Ingria in general. History The history of the Izhorians is bound to the history of Ingria. It is supposed that shortly after 1000 AD the Izhorians moved from Karelia to the west and south-west. In 1478, the Novgorod Republic, where Ingrians had settled, was united with the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and some of the Izhorians were transferred to the east. The establishment of St Petersburg in 1703 had a great influence on Izhorian culture. World War II had the biggest impact on Izhorians, as devastating battles (such as the Siege of Leningrad) took place on their territory. In 1848, P. von Köppen counted 17,800 Izhorians, and by 1926 there were 26,137 Izhorians ...
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