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Oknha
''Oknha'' (, ) is a Khmer honorific. It has different meanings depending on the period it was used. Linguistics The word means "nobleman" or "lord". The translation of "''Oknha''" is not unanimous. Leaning on the meaning of Vietnamese title "''Quốc công''", some have translated the title of ''oknha'' as "Duke" while some others favour the more mercantile version of Business magnate, tycoon. History ''Oknha'': the royal envoy of the Khmer Empire In premodern times, ''Oknha'' were envoys appointed by the king, who were expected to perform a wide variety of duties, take elaborate oaths of loyalty, and present the monarch with regular gifts. ''Oknha'' was one of the noble titles, above ''Preah'' ( ) and below ''Neak Oknha'' ( ). The term is used as such in modern Khmer inscriptions found in Angkor, such inscription IMA 9 dating back to 1539 and recalling the good deeds of "uk-na Samarasangram". Royal title created by the Oudong monarchy (17th–19th century) The title ''Oknha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chaophraya Aphaiphubet (Baen)
Chaophraya Aphaiphubet (Baen) (, , ?–November 1809), also known as Chauvea Tolaha Ben () or Chaofa Talaha (Baen) () or Chau Hua Pen (), was the Regent of Cambodia during the minority of the Cambodian king Ang Eng under Siam's influences and eventually became the first of the line of Siam-appointed governors of Battambang or Phra Tabong. He was known in Vietnamese texts as Chiêu Thùy Biện (昭錘卞). He is officially regarded as the founder of House of Abhaiwongse. Serving King Ang Non Baen was a Cambodian noble with the title Oknya Yomreach (, Thai counterpart of this title was ''Phraya Yommarat'' ). Oknya Yomreach Pen or Baen was the Cambodian Minister of Justice in the reign of the pro-Siamese Cambodian king Ang Non II, Ang Non. According to ''Battambang Samay Lok Mchas'' or "Battambang during the time of Lord Governor" by Tauch Chhoung, published in 1974, Baen originated from Treang District, Treang in modern Takéo province, Takeo Province. Baen served Prince Ang N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teng Bunma
Teng Bunma 許銳騰 (; 1941 – 17 June 2016), also written as Teng Boonma, Theng Boonma, and Theng Bunma, was one of the wealthiest businessmen in Cambodia. He was one the founders of Thai Boon Roong Group and, along with Sok Kong and Meng Retthy, he was well known as one of the “four tigers” of the Cambodian economy after the fall of the Khmer Rouge, between the 1980s-2000s. Biography Origin Teng Bunma was of Chinese Cambodian descent. Bringing Cambodia back to democracy and back to business (1990-1997) Teng Bunma was one of the first Cambodian businesspeople to invest significantly in Cambodia after the fall of the Khmer Rouge in 1979. Having spent much of his life in Thailand, like many of Cambodia’s early tycoons he began cutting informal deals with the country’s government in the 1980s, before the economy had officially opened. In the early 1990s, Teng Bunma bankrolled key battles in the continued war against the Khmer Rouge. However, Sam Rainsy began accu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suttantaprija Ind
Suttantaprija Ind (, UNGEGN: , ALA-LC: ; 22 July 1859 – 8 November 1924) was a Cambodian monk, who later became a lay '' achar'', writer, and famous poet. His title, ''Louk Oknha'', or "Lord" in English, was bestowed upon him by the King of Cambodia due to his writings, poetry skills, and extensive works in preserving Khmer literature. Biography Suttantaprija Ind was born to Bongchong Keo in Rokar Korng Village, Tonle Thom, Muk Kampoul, Kandal Province, on July 22, 1859. Ind studied Khmer literature when he was 10. When he was 15, he translated 'Prash Bakriyath', and then became a monk at the monastery Wat Pri Po for one year. He then went to study with Lok Archa Peach in Prash Tropang. When he was 18, he studied with Buddhist professor Brak at Wat Una Lom in Phnom Penh. When he was 19, he studied with Lok Archa Sok at Wat Keo, Battambang. At age 20, he became a monk again at Wat Keo for one year, and studied in Bangkok. After 7 years in Thailand, Ind came back to Cambodia d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khmer Nobility
The Khmer nobility is a social class comprising titled officials in the service of the monarchy. They form part of a hierarchical social system which developed from the time of the Angkorian Empire. While all titles were abolished by Pol Pot under the Democratic Kampuchea, they were restored and have multiplied since the restoration of monarchy in 1990 by late King Father Norodom Sihanouk. Khmer noble titles comprise a rank and a title, which denote the holder's post or office. Unlike in European aristocracies, Khmer noble titles are not inherited, but individually granted based on personal merit. Nevertheless, familial influence is substantial and dynasties can be identified such as the Thiounn family which served the Royal Palace for decades. Identity of the Khmer nobility A leadership of virtue: ''neak mean bon'' The Khmer people see the ''Montrey'' as a ''Neak Mean Bon'' (one who received a heavenly mandate). Say Bory in his thesis on ''Rural administration of Cambodia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Protectorate Of Cambodia
The French protectorate of Cambodia (; ) refers to the Kingdom of Cambodia when it was a French protectorate within French Indochina, a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French colonial empire. The protectorate was established in 1863 when the Cambodian King Norodom requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country, meanwhile Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the French protectorate on Cambodia. Cambodia was integrated into the French Indochina union in 1887 along with the French colonies and protectorates in Laos and Vietnam (Cochinchina, Annam, and Tonkin). In 1947, Cambodia was granted self-rule within the French Union and had its protectorate status removed in 1949. Cambodia later gained independence. The day was celebrated as Independence Day on 9 November 1953. Start of French rule During the 19th century, the kingdom of Cambodia had been reduced to a vassal state of the King ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Honorific
An honorific is a title that conveys esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an Honorary title (academic), honorary academic title. It is also often Conflation, conflated with systems of Honorifics (linguistics), honorific speech in linguistics, which are grammatical or morphology (linguistics), morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers. Honorifics can be used as prefixes or suffixes depending on the appropriate occasion and presentation in accordance with Style (form of address), style and Convention (norm), customs. Typically, honorifics are used as a Style (manner of address), style in the grammatical third Grammatical person, person, and as a form of address in the second person. Some languages have anti-honorific (''despective'' or ''humilific'') first person forms (expressions such as "your most humble servant" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaccines
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or alleviate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight a disease that has already occurred, such as cancer). Some vaccines offer full sterilizing immunity, in which infection is prevented. The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccination is the most effective ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Class In Cambodia
The structure of social class in Cambodia ( ) has altered several times throughout its history. The traditional hereditary elites were marginalised in the 1970s, when military leaders gained prominence, before the Khmer Rouge attempted to dramatically eliminate existing class structures in the late 1970s. Since the emergence of peace in the early 1990s, social inequality has increased in Cambodia. Pre-republican Cambodia Social strata in pre-republican Cambodia may be viewed as constituting a spectrum, with an elite group or upper class at one end and a lower class consisting of rural peasants and unskilled urban workers at the other end. The elite group was composed of high-ranking government, military, and religious leaders, characterized by high prestige, wealth, and education or by members one of the royal or noble families. Each one of the subgroups had its own internal ranking system. Before the ousting of Sihanouk in 1970, the highest ranks of the elite group were fill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khmer Literature
Cambodian literature (, ), also Khmer literature, has a very ancient origin. Like most Southeast Asian national literatures its traditional corpus has two distinct aspects or levels: *The written literature, mostly restricted to the royal courts or the Buddhist monasteries. *The oral literature, which is based on local folklore. It is heavily influenced by Buddhism, the predominant religion, as well as by the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Ancient stone inscriptions A testimony of the antiquity of the Khmer language are the multitude of epigraphic inscriptions on stone. The first written proof that has allowed the history of the Khmer Empire to be reconstructed are those inscriptions. These writings on columns, stelae and walls throw light on the royal lineages, religious edicts, territorial conquests and internal organization of the kingdom. Buddhist texts Following the stone inscriptions, some of the oldest Khmer documents are translations and commentaries of the Pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tax Exemption
Tax exemption is the reduction or removal of a liability to make a compulsory payment that would otherwise be imposed by a ruling power upon persons, property, income, or transactions. Tax-exempt status may provide complete relief from taxes, reduced rates, or tax on only a portion of items. Examples include exemption of charitable organizations from property taxes and income taxes, veterans, and certain cross-border or multi-jurisdictional scenarios. A tax exemption is distinct and different from a tax exclusion and a tax deduction, all of which are different types of tax expenditures. A tax exemption is an income stream on which no tax is levied, such as interest income from state and local bonds, which is often exempt from federal income tax. Additionally, certain qualifying non-profit organizations are exempt from federal income tax. A tax exclusion refers to a dollar amount (or proportion of taxable income) that can be legally excluded from the taxable base income prior to a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Order Of Monisaraphon
The Royal Order of Monisaraphon () was founded by King Sisowath of Cambodia on 1 February 1905. It is conferred for accomplishment and outstanding support in the fields of education, arts, science, literacy, or social works. History The Order of Monisaraphon (or Muni Isvarabarna): founded by King Sisowath of Cambodia on 1 February 1905 (first statutes issued 18 April 1905) and awarded in a single class limited to Cambodians, French protected subjects and other Asians. Reformed by King Norodom Sihanouk on 9 September 1948 and extended to three classes. Extended again to five classes in 1961. Awarded for services in the fields of literature and the fine arts, education, justice, administration, and science. After the Khmer Rouge period, the order was reinstituted by King Norodom Sihanouk by Royal Decree No.1095/01 on 5 October 1995.Sylvester, J. The Orders and Medals of Cambodia and Laos, 1986.Emering, E. Orders, Decorations and Medals of the French Colonial Empire and the Post-Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oath
Traditionally, an oath (from Old English, Anglo-Saxon ', also a plight) is a utterance, statement of fact or a promise taken by a Sacred, sacrality as a sign of Truth, verity. A common legal substitute for those who object to making sacred oaths is to give an Affirmation (law), affirmation instead. Nowadays, even when there is no notion of sanctity involved, certain promises said out loud in ceremonial or juridical purpose are referred to as oaths. "To :wikt:swear, swear" is a verb used to describe the taking of an oath; to make a solemn vow. Etymology The word comes from Old English, Anglo-Saxon ': "judicial swearing, solemn appeal to deity in witness of truth or a promise"; from Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Germanic '':wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aiþaz, *aiþaz''; from Proto-Indo-European ''*oi-to-'': "an oath". Common to Celtic and Germanic, possibly a loan-word from one to the other, but the history is obscure and it may be non-Indo-European, in reference to careles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
