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Nāzila
In Islamic jurisprudence, ''nawāzil'' () are collections of historical legal judgements (known individually by the singular form ''nāzila'', ). Such collections underpin the practice of ''fiqh al-nawāzil'' ("jurisprudence of incidents"), which deals with the normative judgment of specific incidents. In the words of the second edition of the ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', a ''nawāzil''-collection "furnishes a body of jurisprudential doctrine close to practical and daily life and adopted to the human, social and economic realities of a local character, in such a way that, by means of this expedient, ''fiḳh'' [...] is able to evolve". Etymology ''Nāzila'' is in origin the active participle of the verb ''nazala'' "to go down", used substantive adjective, substantively as a noun, which in legal usage means "specific case, case in question". The plural form ''nawāzil'' is part of the title of several works dedicated to collecting records of such cases.Ed., 'Nāzila', in P. Bearman (ed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatwas
A fatwa (; ; ; ) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist (''faqih'') in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government. A jurist issuing fatwas is called a ''mufti'', and the act of issuing fatwas is called ''ifta. Fatwas have played an important role throughout Islamic history, taking on new forms in the modern era. Resembling ''jus respondendi'' in Roman law and History of responsa in Judaism, rabbinic ''responsa'', privately issued fatwas historically served to inform Muslim populations about Islam, advise courts on difficult points of Islamic law, and elaborate substantive law. In later times, public and political fatwas were issued to take a stand on doctrinal controversies, legitimize government policies or articulate grievances of the population. During the era of European colonialism, mass European/Christian invasions, fatwas played a part in mobilizing resistance against foreign aggressors. Mu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saḥnūn
Sahnun ibn Said ibn Habib al-Tanukhi () (c. 776/77 – 854/55) (160 AH – 240 AH ) was a jurist in the Maliki school from Qayrawan in modern-day Tunisia. Biography His full name was Abu Said Abd al-Salam ibn Said ibn Habib ibn Hassan ibn Hilal ibn Bakkar ibn Rabia al-Tanukhi (). He gained the nickname Saḥnūn (a type of sharp bird) because of his quickness of mind. He was born to an Arab family that originated in Syria, his father was a soldier from Homs in present-day Syria. He was from the tribe of Tanukh. In his youth Sahnun studied under the scholars of Qayrawan and Tunis. In particular, he learned from the Tripolitanian scholar `Ali bin Ziyad, who had learned from Imam Malik. In 178 AH he traveled to Egypt to study under other pupils of Malik, who died before Sahnun had the financial means to reach them. Later on he continued to Medina and studied under other prominent scholars, returning to North Africa in 191 AH. Upon accepting the appointment, he was said to have t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatāwā
A fatwa (; ; ; ) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist ('' faqih'') in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government. A jurist issuing fatwas is called a ''mufti'', and the act of issuing fatwas is called ''ifta. Fatwas have played an important role throughout Islamic history, taking on new forms in the modern era. Resembling ''jus respondendi'' in Roman law and rabbinic ''responsa'', privately issued fatwas historically served to inform Muslim populations about Islam, advise courts on difficult points of Islamic law, and elaborate substantive law. In later times, public and political fatwas were issued to take a stand on doctrinal controversies, legitimize government policies or articulate grievances of the population. During the era of mass European/Christian invasions, fatwas played a part in mobilizing resistance against foreign aggressors. Muftis acted as independent scholars in the classical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abū Al-Layth Al-Samarqandī
Abu al-Layth Nasr ibn Muhammad al-Samarqandi (; 944–983) was an Islamic scholar of the Hanafi school and Quran commentator, who lived during the second half of the 10th century. Works Al-Samarqandī authored various books on theology and juridical works, including ''Baḥr al-ʿUlūm'', بحر العلوم, a Quran exegesis, also known as ''Tafsīr as-Samarqandi''; ''Tanbīh al-Ġāfilīn'', تنبيه الغافلين; and the '' nawāzil''-collections ''Kitāb al-Nawāzil fi al-furūʿ'' and ''Mukhtaṣar'' (which stand as unusual examples of Hanafi ''nawāzil'', in a genre usually associated with the Maliki school The Maliki school or Malikism is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. It was founded by Malik ibn Anas () in the 8th century. In contrast to the Ahl al-Hadith and Ahl al-Ra'y schools of thought, the Maliki s ... of Islamic jurispriudence).Ed., 'Nāzila', in P. Bearman (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Words And Phrases In Sharia
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as ( "the eloquent Arabic") or simply ' (). Arabic is the third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of the United Nations, and the liturgical language of Islam. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the world and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, governments and the media. During the Middle Ages, Arabic was a major vehicle of culture and learning, especially ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sharia
Sharia, Sharī'ah, Shari'a, or Shariah () is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on Islamic holy books, scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran, Qur'an and hadith. In Islamic terminology ''sharīʿah'' refers to immutable, intangible divine law; contrary to ''fiqh'', which refers to its interpretations by Ulama, Islamic scholars. Sharia, or fiqh as traditionally known, has always been used alongside urf, customary law from the very beginning in Islamic history; has been elaborated and developed over the centuries by fatwa, legal opinions issued by mufti, qualified jurists – reflecting the tendencies of Schools of Fiqh, different schools – and integrated and with various economic, penal and administrative laws issued by Muslims, Muslim rulers; and implemented for centuries by Qadi, judges in the courts until recent times, when secularism was widely adopted in Islamic societies. Traditional Principles of Islamic jurisprudence, theory o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Wansharīsī
Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Wansharisi (, full name: Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn ʿAlī al-Wansharīsī or simply known as al-Wansharisi, b. 1430 or 1431 in Ouarsenis, d. 1508 in Fez) was a Berber Muslim theologian and jurist of the Maliki school around the time of the fall of Granada. He was one of the leading authorities on the issues of Iberian Muslims living under Christian rule. Biography He was born in the Ouarsenis mountains (, ''Al-Wansharis'') in present-day Algeria, in a family belonging to one of the Berber tribes in these mountains. His family moved to Tlemcen when he was a child. In Tlemcen, he studied and later taught Islamic law. After spending more than forty years in Tlemcen, he moved to Fez, present-day Morocco. to teach Islamic law. He became official mufti in Fez and became the leading living authority on the issues of Iberian Muslims living under Christian rule, after the Christian conquest (termed ''reconquista' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muḥammad Ibn Saḥnūn
Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets in Islam, and along with the Quran, his teachings and normative examples form the basis for Islamic religious belief. Muhammad was born in Mecca to the aristocratic Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 4 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Jurisprudence
''Fiqh'' (; ) is the term for Islamic jurisprudence.Fiqh Encyclopædia Britannica ''Fiqh'' is often described as the style of human understanding, research and practices of the ; that is, human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the and the (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet and his companions). Fiqh expands and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fiqh Al-aqallīyāt
''Fiqh al-aqallīyāt'' (Arabic ''فقه الأقليات'' "jurisprudence of minorities, minority fiqh") is a concept of principles of Islamic jurisprudence that has been discussed since the late 1990s, particularly among Arabic-speaking Muslims. It aims to develop a new system of Islamic behavioral norms that offers solutions for the specific ethical and religious problems of Muslim minorities living in Western countries by drawing on ''Ijtihad'', i.e. finding norms through independent judgment. Taha Jabir Alalwani, ''Tāhā Jābir al-ʿAlwānī'' (1935–2016), the founder and former chairman of the Fiqh Council of North America (FCNA), played a leading role in developing the concept. He coined the term and created one of the first program writings on ''fiqh al-aqallīyāt'' in 2000. According to ''al-ʿAlwānī'', the minority fiqh is intended to help "overcome the psychological and spiritual division experienced by Muslim minorities, especially in the West, by making them a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
