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Non-monetary Economy
A moneyless economy or nonmonetary economy is a system for allocation of goods and services without payment of money. The simplest example is the Family economics, family household. Other examples include Barter, barter economies, Gift economy, gift economies and primitive communism. Even in a monetary economy, there are a significant number of nonmonetary transactions. Examples include household labor, care giving, civic activity, or friends working to help one another. These nonmonetized labors represent an important part of the economy, and may constitute half of the work done in the United States. These nonmonetary subeconomies are referred to as embedded nonmonetary economies. The nonmonetary economy could make the labor market more inclusive by rewarding more forms of work. Embedded nonmonetary economies An embedded nonmonetary economy refers to an economy that functions without money inside a larger monetary system. The nonmonetary economy undertakes tasks that benefit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family Economics
Family economics applies economic concepts such as production, division of labor, distribution of wealth, distribution, and decision making to the family. It is used to explain outcomes unique to family—such as marriage, the decision to have children, fertility, time devoted to domestic production, and dowry payments using economic analysis. The family, although recognized as fundamental from Adam Smith onward, received little systematic treatment in economics before the 1960s. Important exceptions are Thomas Robert Malthus#Population growth, Thomas Robert Malthus' model of population growthThomas Robert Malthus, 1798. ''An Essay on the Principle of Population''. s:An Essay on the Principle of Population, Full text on WikiSource. and Friedrich Engels'Friedrich Engels, 1981, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and State, International Publishers, pp 94-146 pioneering work on the structure of family, the latter being often mentioned in Marxian economics, Marxist and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emotion Work
Emotion work is a sociological concept that refers the effort of trying to change in degree or quality an emotion or feeling; it's the work of changing your feelings or displaying feelings that you don't feel. Emotion work includes suppressing strong emotions that you feel, and evoking or producing feelings that you do not feel. Emotion work may extend beyond management of one's own feelings to work done in an effort to maintain a relationship; there is dispute as to whether emotion work is only work done regulating one’s own emotion, or extends to performing the emotional work for others. Hochschild Arlie Russell Hochschild, who introduced the term in 1979, distinguished emotion work – unpaid emotional work that a person undertakes in private life – from emotional labor: emotional work done in a paid work setting. Emotion work occurs when people attempt to change their emotions or their emotional display for their own non-compensated benefit (e.g., in their interactions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minka (communal Work)
''Mink'a'', ''Minka'', ''Minga'' (from Quechua ''minccacuni'', meaning "asking for help by promising something") also ''mingaco'' is an Inca tradition of community work/voluntary collective labor for purposes of social utility and community infrastructure projects. It is practiced in several Latin American countries. ''Mink'a'' can adopt different ways of expressing community, such as the construction of public buildings and infrastructure, or benefit a person or family, such as needing help when harvesting potatoes or other agricultural products. Usually, the ''mink'a'' labor is without salary, such as in the public works projects ''of'' Ocra, a campesino community in the Andes. Faenas are seen as a labor tribute to the community or a cash-free form of local taxation. ''Mink'a'' is mainly practiced in Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, and Paraguay. Peru In Peru, the concept of ''mink'a'' is associated with pre-Columbian indigenous cultures. It is practiced in ''mestiz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generalized Exchange
Generalized exchange is a type of social exchange in which a desired outcome that is sought by an individual is not dependent on the resources provided by that individual. It is assumed to be a fundamental social mechanism that stabilizes relations in society by unilateral resource giving in which one's giving is not necessarily reciprocated by the recipient, but by a third party. Thus, in contrast to direct or restricted exchange or reciprocity, in which parties exchange resources with each other, generalized exchange naturally involves more than two parties. Examples of generalized exchange include; matrilateral cross-cousin marriage and helping a stranded driver on a desolate road. Reciprocity norm All forms of Social exchange theory, social exchange occur within structures of mutual dependence, that is, structures in which actors are mutually, or reciprocally dependent on one another for valued outcomes. A structure of mutual or reciprocal dependence is defining characteris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solidarity
Solidarity or solidarism is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or classes. True solidarity means moving beyond individual identities and single issue politics. Still, solidarity does not reject individuals and sees individuals as the basis of society. It refers to the ties in a society that bind people together as one. The term is generally employed in sociology and the other social sciences, as well as in philosophy and bioethics. It is a significant concept in Catholic social teaching and in Christian democratic political ideology. Although closely related to the concept of charity, solidarity aspires to change whole systems, not merely to help individuals. Solidarity is also one of six principles of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and International Human Solidarity Day is recognized each year on December 20 as an international observance. Solidarity is no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutualism (economic Theory)
Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought and economic theory that advocates for workers' control of the means of production, a free market made up of individual artisans, sole proprietorships and workers' cooperatives, and occupation and use property rights. As proponents of the labour theory of value and labour theory of property, mutualists oppose all forms of economic rent, profit and non-nominal interest, which they see as relying on the exploitation of labour. Mutualists seek to construct an economy without capital accumulation or concentration of land ownership. They also encourage the establishment of workers' self-management, which they propose could be supported through the issuance of mutual credit by mutual banks, with the aim of creating a federal society. Mutualism has its roots in the utopian socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. It first developed a practical expression in Josiah Warren's community experiments in the United States, which he est ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Technocracy Movement
The technocracy movement was a social movement active in the United States and Canada in the 1930s which favored technocracy as a system of government over representative democracy and partisan (politics), partisan politics. Historians associate the movement with engineer Howard Scott (engineer), Howard Scott's Technical Alliance and Technocracy Incorporated prior to the internal political faction, factionalism that dissolved the latter organization during the Second World War. Technocracy was ultimately overshadowed by other proposals for dealing with the crisis of the Great Depression. The technocracy movement proposed replacing partisan politicians and business people with scientists and engineers who had the technical expertise to manage the economy. The movement did not fully aspire to scientocracy. The movement was committed to abstaining from all partisan politics and communist revolution. It gained strength in the 1930s. In 1940, due to opposition to the Second World War, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Money Free Party
The Money Free movement is a political movement that advocates for a resource-based economy, where all work is voluntary. The movement has political parties in New Zealand and the United Kingdom and is aligned with work of the American-based Jacque Fresco, who is the founder of The Venus Project. The movement has fielded candidates in several elections across at least two countries, but has not won any positions. Political activities in New Zealand As of 2023, Money Free Party NZ is led by Richard Osmaston, who founded the party. Osmaston previously ran for mayor of Nelson in 2013 before founding the party in 2014. Elections The party was unable to get enough verified members (500) to register for the 2014 general election. It stood five electorate candidates, but none were successful. Party members stood for multiple mayoralties in the 2016 local elections, such as Richard Osmaston in Nelson, Gordon Marshall in Porirua, and Ted Howard in Kaikōura. Osmaston also stood ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Zeitgeist Movement
The Zeitgeist Movement is an activist movement established in the United States in 2008 by Peter Joseph. The group is critical of market capitalism, describing it as structurally corrupt and wasteful of resources. The group dismisses historic religious concepts as misleading, and embraces sustainable ecology and scientific administration of society. ''VC Reporter's'' Shane Cohn summarized the movement's charter as: "Our greatest social problems are the direct results of our economic system". History The Zeitgeist Movement was formed in 2008 by Joseph shortly after the late 2008 release of '' Zeitgeist: Addendum'', the second film in the ''Zeitgeist'' film series. Zeitgeist was first linked to the Venus Project, which had been founded by Jacque Fresco in 1985. In April 2011, partnership between the two groups ended in an apparent power struggle, with Joseph commenting, "Without he Zeitgeist Movement he Venus Projectdoesn’t exist – it has nothing but ideas and has no v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Creative Commons License
A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work". A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that the author has created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, they might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work. There are several types of Creative Commons licenses. Each license differs by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution. They were initially released on December 16, 2002, by Creative Commons, a U.S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001. There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, numbered 1.0 through 4.0. Released in Novemb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Source
Open source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open source model is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration. A main principle of Open-source software, open source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology, and open source drug discovery. Open source promotes universal access via an open-source or free license to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint. Before the phrase ''open source'' became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms, suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
