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Non-genomic Steroid Hormone Receptor
Membrane steroid receptors (mSRs), also called extranuclear steroid receptors, are a class of cell surface receptors activated by endogenous steroids that mediate rapid, non-genomic signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. mSRs are another means besides classical nuclear steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) for steroids to mediate their biological effects. SHRs can produce slow genomic responses or rapid, non-genomic responses in the case of mSRs. __TOC__ List of membrane steroid receptors Known groups of mSRs, by ligand, include: * Membrane sex steroid receptors ** Membrane androgen receptors (mARs) – GPRC6A, OXER1, ZIP9; TRPM8; Cav1.2, GPR133 ** Membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) – GPER, ER-X, ERx, Gq-mER; Nav1.2; palmitoylated nuclear receptors ** Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) – PAQRs (mPRα, mPRβ, mPRγ, mPRδ, mPRϵ); PGRMC1, PGRMC2; * Membrane corticosteroid receptors ** Membrane glucocorticoid receptors (mGRs) – caveolin-associated n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cell Surface Receptor
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules. They are specialized integral membrane proteins that allow communication between the cell and the extracellular space. The extracellular molecules may be hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, or nutrients; they react with the receptor to induce changes in the metabolism and activity of a cell. In the process of signal transduction, ligand binding affects a cascading chemical change through the cell membrane. Structure and mechanism Many membrane receptors are transmembrane proteins. There are various kinds, including glycoproteins and lipoproteins. Hundreds of different receptors are known and many more have yet to be studied. Transmembrane receptors are typically classified based on their tertiary (three-dimens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GPER
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPER'' gene. GPER binds to and is activated by the female sex hormone estradiol and is responsible for some of the rapid effects that estradiol has on cells. Discovery The classical estrogen receptors first characterized in 1958 are water-soluble proteins located in the interior of cells that are activated by estrogenenic hormones such as estradiol and several of its metabolites such as estrone or estriol. These proteins belong to the nuclear hormone receptor class of transcription factors that regulate gene transcription. Since it takes time for genes to be transcribed into RNA and translated into protein, the effects of estrogens binding to these classical estrogen receptors is delayed. However, estrogens are also known to have effects that are too fast to be caused by regulation of gene transcription. In 2005, it was discove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Membrane Glucocorticoid Receptor
Membrane glucocorticoid receptors (mGRs) are a group of receptors which bind and are activated by glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone, as well as certain exogenous glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone. Unlike the classical nuclear glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mGRs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. The identities of the mGRs have yet to be fully elucidated, but are thought to include membrane-associated classical GRs as well as yet-to-be-characterized G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Rapid effects of dexamethasone were found not be reversed by the GR antagonist mifepristone, indicating additional receptors besides just the classical GR. mGRs have been implicated in the rapid effects of glucocorticoids in the early central stress response via modulating neuronal activity in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PGRMC2
Progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (abbreviated PGRMC2) is a protein which is encoded by the ''PGRMC2'' gene. It has been detected in the placenta, liver, and spermatozoa, among other areas. See also * PGRMC * PGRMC1 * Membrane progesterone receptor Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) are a group of cell surface receptors and membrane steroid receptors belonging to the progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family which bind the endogenous progestogen and neurosteroid progesterone, as well as ... References Receptors {{protein-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PGRMC1
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (abbreviated PGRMC1) is a protein which co-purifies with progesterone binding proteins in the liver and ovary. In humans, the PGRMC1 protein is encoded by the ''PGRMC1'' gene. The sole biochemical function of PGRMC1 is heme-binding. PGRMC1 shares key structural motifs with cytochrome b5. PGRMC1 binds and activates P450 proteins, which are important in drug, hormone and lipid metabolism. PGRMC1 also binds to PAIR-BP1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor RNA-binding protein-1). However, its expression outside of the reproductive tract and in males suggests multiple functions for the protein. These may include binding to Insig (insulin-induced gene), which regulates cholesterol synthesis. Expression PGRMC1 is highly expressed in the liver and kidney in humans with lower expression in the brain, lung, heart, skeletal muscle and pancreas. In rodents, PGRMC1 is found in the liver, lung, kidney and brain. PGRMC1 is over-expressed in breast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MPRϵ
Membrane progesterone receptor epsilon (mPRɛ), or progestin and adipoQ receptor 9 (PAQR9), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAQR9'' gene. See also * Membrane progesterone receptor * Progestin and adipoQ receptor The progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family is a group of receptors related to but distinct from the G protein-coupled receptor family, which have the similar seven transmembrane structure, but the N-terminal is located on the inner side of th ... References Further reading * 7TM receptors {{gene-3-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MPRδ
Membrane progesterone receptor delta (mPRδ), or progestin and adipoQ receptor 6 (PAQR6), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAQR6'' gene. See also * Membrane progesterone receptor * Progestin and adipoQ receptor The progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family is a group of receptors related to but distinct from the G protein-coupled receptor family, which have the similar seven transmembrane structure, but the N-terminal is located on the inner side of th ... References 7TM receptors {{gene-1-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MPRγ
Membrane progesterone receptor gamma (mPRγ), or progestin and adipoQ receptor 5 (PAQR5), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAQR5'' gene. See also * Membrane progesterone receptor * Progestin and adipoQ receptor The progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family is a group of receptors related to but distinct from the G protein-coupled receptor family, which have the similar seven transmembrane structure, but the N-terminal is located on the inner side of th ... References 7TM receptors {{gene-15-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MPRβ
Membrane progesterone receptor beta (mPRβ), or progestin and adipoQ receptor 8 (PAQR8), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAQR8'' gene. See also * Membrane progesterone receptor * Progestin and adipoQ receptor The progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family is a group of receptors related to but distinct from the G protein-coupled receptor family, which have the similar seven transmembrane structure, but the N-terminal is located on the inner side of th ... References Further reading * * * * * 7TM receptors {{gene-6-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MPRα
Membrane progesterone receptor alpha (mPRα), or progestin and adipoQ receptor 7 (PAQR7), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAQR7'' gene. See also * Membrane progesterone receptor * Progestin and adipoQ receptor The progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family is a group of receptors related to but distinct from the G protein-coupled receptor family, which have the similar seven transmembrane structure, but the N-terminal is located on the inner side of th ... References 7TM receptors {{gene-1-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Progestin And AdipoQ Receptor
The progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family is a group of receptors related to but distinct from the G protein-coupled receptor family, which have the similar seven transmembrane structure, but the N-terminal is located on the inner side of the cell. It includes at least 11 receptors (PAQR1–PAQR11), including the adiponectin (adipoQ) receptors (AdipoRs), the membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs), and others. In 2016, the University of Tokyo announced that it would launch an investigation into claims of fabrication of AdipoRs identification data, as accused by an anonymous person/group called Ordinary_researchers.University of Tokyo to investigate data manipulation charges agains ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Membrane Progesterone Receptor
Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) are a group of cell surface receptors and membrane steroid receptors belonging to the progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family which bind the endogenous progestogen and neurosteroid progesterone, as well as the neurosteroid allopregnanolone. Unlike the progesterone receptor (PR), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genome, genomic mechanisms, mPRs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signal transduction, signaling cascades. The mPRs mediate important physiological functions in male and female reproductive tracts, liver, neuroendocrine tissues, and the immune system as well as in breast and ovarian cancer. The mPRs appear to be involved in the neuroprotective and antigonadotropic effects of progesterone and allopregnanolone. The progesterone active metabolites 5α-dihydroprogesterone, also a progestogen, and allopregnanolone, which are positive allosteric modulators of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
