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Noe Jordania
Noe Zhordania ( ka, ნოე ჟორდანია ; ; born – January 11, 1953)შველიძე დ., საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა (1918–1921): ენციკლოპედია-ლექსიკონი. გვ. 321-322. was a Georgian journalist and Menshevik politician. He played an eminent role in the socialist revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire, and later chaired the government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from July 24, 1918, until March 18, 1921, when the Bolshevik Russian Red Army invasion of Georgia forced him into exile to France. There Zhordania led the government-in-exile until his death in 1953. Biography Early life and background Zhordania was born on to a petty landowner family living in the village of Lanchkhuti in Guria, western Georgia, then part of the Kutais Governorate of Imperial Russia. According to Redjeb Jordania (born in 1921), son of Noe Jo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of The Democratic Republic Of Georgia In Exile
After the Soviet Russian Red Army invaded Georgia and conquered the country in 1921, the Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) decided that the Government should go into exile and continue to function as the National Government of Georgia (NGG). The exiled government was headquartered at Leuville-sur-Orge near Paris, France. History Exile to France After the war with the Soviets was irreversibly lost, the Constituent Assembly of Georgia, managed by Karlo Chkheidze, at its last session in Batumi on 18 March 1921, decided on the exile of the Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party government, managed by Noe Zhordania. On the same day, the members of the government, several deputies of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia, a few military officers and their families went aboard the ship ''Ernest Renan'' and sailed first to Istanbul, Turkey, and then to France, the government of which granted the Georgian émigrés political asylum. 1924 Upri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Democratic Labour Party Of Georgia
The Social Democratic Party of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სოციალ-დემოკრატიული პარტია, tr), also known as the Georgian Menshevik Party, was a Georgian Marxist and social democratic political party. It was founded in the 1890s by Nikolay Chkheidze, Silibistro Jibladze, Egnate Ninoshvili, Noe Zhordania and others. It became the Georgian branch of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. After 1905, Georgian social democrats joined the Menshevik faction, except for some such as Joseph Stalin, Grigol Ordzhonikidze and Makharadze. Several leaders were elected to the Russian Duma from Kutais or Tifli: Nikolay Chkheidze, Akaki Chkhenkeli, Evgeni Gegechkori, Isidore Ramishvili, Irakly Tsereteli, and Noe Zhordania. The party was prior to 1917 "ambivalent" on Georgia's independence from Russia, for which it has been criticized by some Georgians as "unpatriotic and anti-national". Natalie Sabanadze describes the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mingrelians
The Mingrelians (; ka, მეგრელები, tr) are an indigenous Kartvelian-speaking ethnic subgroup of Georgians that mostly live in the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti (; ka, სამეგრელო, tr) region of Georgia. They also live in considerable numbers in Abkhazia and Tbilisi. In the pre-1930 Soviet census, the Mingrelians were afforded their own ethnic group category, alongside many other ethnic subgroups of Georgians. The Mingrelians speak the Mingrelian language, and are typically bilingual also in Georgian. Both these languages belong to the Kartvelian language family. History In the 13th century BC, the Kingdom of Colchis was formed as a result of the increasing consolidation of the tribes inhabiting the region, which covered modern western Georgia. The endonym ''margalepi'' (მარგალეფი) is presumably reflected in the Greek ''Manraloi'' (Μάνραλοι), recorded as a people of Colchis by Ptolemy in the 2nd century CE. By the mid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Chikovani
The House of Chikovani ( ka, ჩიქოვანი; sometimes spelled as Chicovani) is a line of Nobility of Georgia (country), Georgian nobility, once a princely house in monarchical Georgia. Originally, the Dukes of Chikovani ruled the province of Lechkhumi in northwestern Georgia. At the end of the 17th century, General Katso Chikovani rose to prominence in the adjacent Principality of Mingrelia, which allowed him to enthrone his son, who assumed the dynastic name of Dadiani. From that point on, Chikovani ruled Mingrelia under the dynastic name of Dadiani until the principality was abolished in the late 19th century. The cadet branch of the family continued to exist under the name of Chikovani. Following the Georgia within the Russian Empire, annexation of Georgia into the Russian Empire, Chikovani were incorporated into the imperial Russian nobility alongside other Georgian noble families. History The House of Chikovani first came to prominence after General Katzo Chikova ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimean War
The Crimean War was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Second French Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861), Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont from October 1853 to February 1856. Geopolitical causes of the war included the "Eastern question" (Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the "sick man of Europe"), expansion of Imperial Russia in the preceding Russo-Turkish wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the European balance of power, balance of power in the Concert of Europe. The flashpoint was a dispute between France and Russia over the rights of Catholic Church, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox minorities in Palestine (region), Palestine. After the Sublime Porte refused Nicholas I of Russia, Tsar Nicholas I's demand that the Empire's Orthodox subjects were to be placed unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apakidze (noble Family)
The House of Aph'ak'idze ( ka, აფაქიძე) is an ancient Georgian noble family dating back to the first half of the 14th century. History According to a family legend, the Aphakidze descend from Arp’a-Khan, "a Tatar of Genghis Khan’s times", who embraced Christianity and settled down in Abkhazia whence his descendants moved to Mingrelia where their princely title was confirmed. Bagrationi, Ioane (1768-1830)Aphakidze (Princes of Odishi) ''The Brief Description of the Georgian Noble Houses''. Retrieved on December 19, 2007. The Aphakidze had been vassals to the Dadiani princes of Mingrelia, and then were confirmed as princes (knyaz) of the Russian Empire in 1867 and 1903. Toumanoff, Cyril (1963). ''Studies in Christian Caucasian History'', p. 272. Georgetown University Press Georgetown University Press is a university press affiliated with Georgetown University that publishes about forty new books a year. The press's major subject areas include bioethics, inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shukhuti
Shukhuti ( Georgian: ) is a village community near Lanchkhuti, Guria, Georgia, which includes the villages of Zemo Shukhuti and Kvemo Shukhuti. The area produces limestone, which is used for making lime. History The area has been inhabited since antiquity. A Roman villa with a bath mosaic, the Shukhuti mosaic, was discovered here during excavations in 1961. The inhabitants have been Christians since the 5th or 6th centuries. A castle was located there at that time. The name "Shukhuti" is first recorded in the 1708 documents. According to tradition, it originated from the Turks, who called this place ''ukhuti'' ("impossible"). In 1855, during the Crimean War, the Battle of Nigoiti () was fought nearby between the Russian and Ottoman forces. Lelo Shukhutis play a type of rugby, called ''Lelo'' every Easter to commemorate the battle. The President of Georgia visited the village in 2012 to watch the game. See also * Shukhuti mosaic * Guria Guria ( ka, გურია) is a re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Gurieli
The House of Gurieli () was a Georgian princely ('' mtavari'') family and a ruling dynasty (dukes) of the southwestern Georgian province of Guria, which was autonomous and later, for a few centuries, independent. A few ducal rulers of the dynasty also rose in the 17th-18th centuries to be kings of the whole western Caucasus in place of the hereditary Bagrationi kings of Imereti. History Bearing a hereditary title for governors ( Eristavi) of Guria since the mid-13th century, Gurieli (literally, "of Guria") was adopted as a dynastic name by the Vardanisdze family (ვარდანისძე), hereditary rulers of Svaneti (a highland province in western Georgia). The other notable branch of the Vardanisdze was the Dadiani (დადიანი) of Samegrelo. Both of these branches occasionally used double names: Gurieli-Dadiani or Dadiani-Gurieli. The medieval Gurieli were vassals of the Georgian crown but, at the same time, seem to have paid some kind of homage () to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arhavi
Arhavi ( Laz: არქაბი/Arǩabi; Georgian: არქაბი/arkabi) is a town in Artvin Province located in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Arhavi District.İlçe Belediyesi Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023. Its population is 17,558 (2022), making it the third most populous municipality in Artvin Province. Laz people form a large portion of the population. The terrain is hilly and mountainous. Area of the city center is about . The length of the coast is about . Arhavi is famous by the Culture and Art Festival that celebrated since 1973. Etymology Arhavi is "Arkabi" in[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mingrelia
Mingrelia or Samegrelo ( ka, სამეგრელო, tr ; ) is a historic province in the western part of Georgia, formerly known as Odishi. It is primarily inhabited by the Mingrelians, a subgroup of Georgians. Geography and climate Mingrelia is bordered by the secessionist region of Abkhazia to the north-west, Svaneti to the north, Imereti to the east, Guria to the south and the Black Sea to the west. Administratively, the historic province of Mingrelia is incorporated joined with the northern part of the neighboring mountainous province of Svaneti to form the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, the capital of which is Mingrelia's main city, Zugdidi.Tim Burford As it is the case with most Black Sea coastal areas of Georgia, Mingrelia's climate is subtropical with frequent rains. The coastal areas have many marshlands despite the Soviet Georgian authorities' efforts to dry them up. These marshlands contain many rare birds and animals not found in other parts of the coun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genoa
Genoa ( ; ; ) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy. As of 2025, 563,947 people live within the city's administrative limits. While its metropolitan city has 818,651 inhabitants, more than 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera. On the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea, Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean: it is the busiest city in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union. Genoa was the capital of one of the most powerful maritime republics for over seven centuries, from the 11th century to 1797. Particularly from the 12th century to the 15th century, the city played a leading role in the history of commerce and trade in Europe, becoming one of the largest naval powers of the continent and considered among the wealthiest cities in the world. It was also nicknamed ''la S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of The Democratic Republic Of Georgia In Exile
After the Soviet Russian Red Army invaded Georgia and conquered the country in 1921, the Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) decided that the Government should go into exile and continue to function as the National Government of Georgia (NGG). The exiled government was headquartered at Leuville-sur-Orge near Paris, France. History Exile to France After the war with the Soviets was irreversibly lost, the Constituent Assembly of Georgia, managed by Karlo Chkheidze, at its last session in Batumi on 18 March 1921, decided on the exile of the Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party government, managed by Noe Zhordania. On the same day, the members of the government, several deputies of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia, a few military officers and their families went aboard the ship ''Ernest Renan'' and sailed first to Istanbul, Turkey, and then to France, the government of which granted the Georgian émigrés political asylum. 1924 Upri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
