|
Night Train (test)
Operation Night Train was part of a series of chemical and biological warfare tests overseen by the Deseret Test Center as part of Project 112. The test was conducted near Fort Greely, Alaska from November 1963 to January 1964. The primary purpose of Night Train was to study the penetration of an arctic inversion by a biological aerosol cloud. The test's first purpose was to study the downwind travel and diffusion of this cloud when disseminated into different arctic meteorological regimes.NIGHT TRAIN Fact Sheet. Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs). Circa 2002. All documents about Night Train were considered classified by the US military until 2002, when the Department of Defense (DOD) released medically relevant information of all the chemical and biological warfare agent tests conducted under Project 112. Procedure A total of 18 biological trials were conducted for Night Train. The trials, meant to study the spread and behavior of biological warfare agent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deseret Test Center
The Deseret Test Center was a U.S. Army operated command in charge for testing chemical and biological weapons during the 1960s. The Deseret was headquartered at Fort Douglas, Utah, a former U.S. Army base. History Progress toward standardizing new biological warfare agents was limited from 1961 to 1962 by the lack of adequate extra-continental test facilities in which toxic agent munitions combinations could be fully assayed without the legal and safety limitations that were necessary in less remote test areas within the Continental United States. In May 1962 the Joint Chiefs of Staff established the Deseret Test Center at Fort Douglas, Utah, a disused army base. Regis, Edward. ''The Biology of Doom: The History of America's Secret Germ Warfare Project'',Google Books, Macmillan, 2000, p. 198, (). The U.S. Army command at Deseret was established as a result of being tasked with conducting Project 112 and Project SHAD. The Deseret project required a joint task force to undert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Project 112
Project 112 was a biological and chemical weapon experimentation project conducted by the United States Department of Defense from 1962 to 1973. The project started under John F. Kennedy's administration, and was authorized by his Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, as part of a total review of the US military. The name "Project 112" refers to this project's number in the 150 project review process authorized by McNamara. Funding and staff were contributed by every branch of the U.S. armed services and intelligence agencies—a euphemism for the Office of Technical Services of the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Science & Technology. Canada and the United Kingdom also participated in some Project 112 activities. Project 112 primarily concerned the use of aerosols to disseminate biological and chemical agents that could produce "controlled temporary incapacitation" (CTI). The test program would be conducted on a large scale at "extracontinental test sites" in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fort Greely
Fort Greely is a United States Army launch site for anti-ballistic missiles located about southeast of Fairbanks, Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska. It is also the home of the Cold Regions Test Center (CRTC), as Fort Greely is one of the coldest areas in Alaska, and can accommodate cold, extreme-cold, and temperate-weather tests depending on the season. It is named in honor of Major General Adolphus Washington Greely, Adolphus Greely. There was an earlier Fort Greely on Kodiak Island. History The early years The camp was established in 1942 as Big Delta Army Air Field. During World War II, the Alaska Highway was built to connect a road in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada with the Richardson Highway in Alaska, a distance of 1,423 miles (2290 km). The Alaska Highway met the Richardson Highway at Delta Junction, five miles (8 km) north on the Richardson Highway from what is now Fort Greely. The United States used the base to help the Soviet Union fight Germany and Japa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aerosol
An aerosol is a suspension (chemistry), suspension of fine solid particles or liquid Drop (liquid), droplets in air or another gas. Aerosols can be generated from natural or Human impact on the environment, human causes. The term ''aerosol'' commonly refers to the mixture of particulates in air, and not to the particulate matter alone. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, mist or dust. Examples of human caused aerosols include particulate air pollutants, mist from the discharge at hydroelectric dams, irrigation mist, perfume from Spray nozzle, atomizers, smoke, dust, Pesticide, sprayed pesticides, and medical treatments for respiratory illnesses. Several types of atmospheric aerosol have a significant effect on Earth's climate: volcanic, desert dust, sea-salt, that originating from biogenic sources and human-made. Volcanic aerosol forms in the stratosphere after an eruption as droplets of sulfuric acid that can prevail for up to two years, and reflect sunlight, lowering tempera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillus Atrophaeus
''Bacillus atrophaeus'' is a species of black-pigmented bacteria. Its type strain is NRRL NRS-213. ''B. atrophaeus'' strains have been used extensively in biomedicine as indicator strains for heat- and chemical-based decontamination regimens. Most of the strains in use are derivatives of a lineage of ''B. atrophaeus'' that originated at Camp Detrick Fort Detrick () is a United States Army Futures Command installation located in Frederick, Maryland. Fort Detrick was the center of the U.S. biological weapons program from 1943 to 1969. Since the discontinuation of that program, it has hosted m ... in the 1950s, where many modern biocontainment procedures were developed. ''B. atrophaeus'' has historically been known by several other names, including ''B. globigii'' (the origin of its military moniker "BG") and ''B. subtilis'' var. ''niger''. Modern phylogenetic analyses using multiple genetic methods have placed ''B. atrophaeus'' close to '' B. subtilis''. Its original and still ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
F-105 Aircraft
F1 is Formula One, the highest class of auto racing sanctioned by the FIA. F1, F01, F.I, F.1 or F-1 may also refer to: Military craft and weapons * F1 grenade (other), several types of hand grenade * F 1 Hässlö, a former Swedish Air Force wing * F1 SMG, an Australian submachine gun * Dassault Mirage F1, a French combat aircraft * FCM F1, a 1940 French super-heavy tank * Fokker F.I, a German fighter triplane * HMS ''F1'', an F-class submarine of the Royal Navy, launched in 1915 * HMS ''Kelly'' (F01), a 1938 British Royal Navy K-class destroyer * Kampfgeschwader 76, from its historic ''Geschwaderkennung'' code with the Luftwaffe in World War II * Mitsubishi F-1, a fighter/attack aircraft of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force * North American F-1 Fury, the FJ known as the F-1 from 1962 onward * Sopwith Camel F.1, a 1916 British World War I single-seat fighter biplane * USS ''F-1'' (SS-20), an F-class submarine of the United States Navy * Felixstowe F.1, a Seapla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromise, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection and environmental factors, such as nutrition. Immunocompromisation may also be due to genetic diseases/flaws such as SCID. In clinical settings, immunosuppression by some drugs, such as steroids, can either be an adverse effect or the intended purpose of the treatment. Examples of such use is in organ transplant surgery as an anti- rejection measure and in patients with an overactive immune system, as in autoimmune diseases. Some people are born with intrinsic defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency. A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be immunocompromised. An immunocompromised individual may par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Warfare
Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or Pathogen, infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and Fungus, fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological agent, Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents") are living organisms or replicating entities (i.e. viruses, which are not universally considered "alive"). Entomological warfare, Entomological (insect) warfare is a subtype of biological warfare. Biological warfare is subject to a forceful Social norm, normative prohibition. Offensive biological warfare in international armed conflicts is a war crime under the 1925 Geneva Protocol and several international humanitarian law Treaty, treaties. In particular, the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) bans the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological weapons. In contrast, Biode ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Project SHAD
Project SHAD, an acronym for Shipboard Hazard and Defense, was part of a larger effort called Project 112, which was conducted during the 1960s. Project SHAD encompassed tests designed to identify U.S. warships' vulnerabilities to attacks with chemical agents or biological warfare agents and to develop procedures to respond to such attacks while maintaining a war-fighting capability. History Project SHAD was part of a larger effort by the Department of Defense called Project 112. Project 112 was a chemical and biological weapons research, development, and testing project conducted by the United States Department of Defense and CIA handled by the Deseret Test Center and United States Army Chemical Materials Agency from 1962 to 1973. The project started under John F. Kennedy's administration, and was authorized by his Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, as part of a total review of the US military. The name of the project refers to its number in the 150 review process. Mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
