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Neutral Moresnet
Neutral Moresnet (, , , ) was a small Belgian–Prussian condominium in western Europe that existed from 1816 to 1921 and was administered jointly by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Belgium after its independence in 1830) and the Kingdom of Prussia. It was wide and long, with an area of . After 1830, the territory's northernmost border point at Vaalserberg connected it to a quadripoint shared additionally with the Dutch Province of Limburg, the Prussian Rhine Province, and the Belgian Liège Province. That border point's position is currently represented by the Three-Country Point, the meeting place of the borders of Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. During the First World War, Neutral Moresnet was annexed by Germany. The armistice between France and Germany in November 1918 forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and Neutral Moresnet. A year later, the Treaty of Versailles awarded Neutral Moresnet to Belgium, as from 10 January 1921, when it become the munic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neutral Zone (territorial Entity)
A neutral zone is a delimited zone bordering at least one of the states that has agreed to set up a neutral territory. This has occurred in the past and/or present for: * Neutral Ground (Louisiana), a disputed area between Spanish Texas and the United States' newly acquired Louisiana Purchase, from 1806 to 1821 *Neutral Moresnet, a 19th-century neutral zone between the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (and later Belgium) and Prussia (and later the German Empire) * Free City of Cracow, a 19th-century city republic and neutral zone between the partitioning powers of Poland: Austria, Prussia and Russia. *in the colonial era, the neutral zone between Thailand and French Indochina, 25 kilometres wide (roughly 15.5 miles) on the east bank of the Mekong, was placed under French control but formally remained under Thai sovereignty. *the Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone *the Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone *the neutral zones between Morocco and Ceuta and Melilla *Antarctica * United Nations Con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Low Dietsch Dialects
Ripuarian ( ) or Ripuarian Franconian is a German dialect group, part of the West Central German language group. Together with the Moselle Franconian which includes the Luxembourgish language, Ripuarian belongs to the larger Central Franconian dialect family and also to the linguistic continuum with the Low Franconian languages. It is spoken in the Rhineland south of the Benrath line — from northwest of Düsseldorf and Cologne to Aachen in the west and to Waldbröl in the east. The language area also comprises the north of the German-speaking Community of Belgium as well as the southern edge of the Limburg province of the Netherlands, especially Kerkrade (''Kirchroa''), where it is perceived as a variety of Limburgish and legally treated as such. The name derives from the Ripuarian Franks (''Rheinfranken''), who settled in the area from the 4th century onward. The most well known Ripuarian dialect is '' Kölsch'', the local dialect of Cologne. Dialects belonging to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Condominium (international Law)
A condominium (plural either condominia, as in Latin, or condominiums) in international law is a territory (such as a border area or a state) in or over which multiple sovereign powers formally agree to share equal ''dominium'' (in the sense of sovereignty) and exercise their rights jointly, without dividing it into "national" zones. Although a condominium has always been recognized as a theoretical possibility, condominia have been rare in practice. A major problem, and the reason so few have existed, is the difficulty of ensuring co-operation between the sovereign powers; once the understanding fails, the status is likely to become untenable. The word is recorded in English since 1718, from Modern Latin, apparently coined in Germany c. 1700 from Latin ''con-'' 'together' + ''dominium'' 'right of ownership' (compare domain). A condominium of three sovereign powers is sometimes called a tripartite condominium or tridominium. Current condominia Co-principality ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prussia
Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, expanding its size with the Prussian Army. Prussia, with its capital at Königsberg and then, when it became the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, History of Berlin, Berlin, decisively shaped the history of Germany. Prussia formed the German Empire when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by 1932 Prussian coup d'état, an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in 1932 and ''de jure'' by Abolition of Prussia, an Allied decree in 1947. The name ''Prussia'' derives from the Old Prussians who were conquered by the Teutonic Knightsan organized Catholic medieval Military order (religious society), military order of Pru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Max Mangold
Max Mangold (; 8 May 1922 – 3 February 2015) was a Swiss-German linguist and phonetician. He was born in the village of Pratteln near Basel, Switzerland and taught phonetics, phonology and linguistic theory at the University of the Saarland in Germany. He produced phonetic notation for numerous reference works and pronunciation dictionaries, among them the Duden dictionary of German pronunciation. His many contributions to German phonology are seminal and comprehensive. He also oversaw scientific theses, dissertations (nearly 100 of them, many the first and only records of endangered languages) and other publications, for example on dialects in the Saarland and the Rhineland-Palatinate. Mangold showed a strong interest in linguistic matters in his early years and learned many languages, including Esperanto, actively speaking nearly 40 languages in his prime. The foreign language that he spoke best was probably Italian. He studied in Basel, Geneva, Paris and London. His w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Grignard
Pierre Grignard was a Belgium, Belgian politician who served as the last Mayors of Moresnet, Mayor of Neutral Moresnet from 1918 until 1921, when the territory was dissolved and annexed by Belgium as part of the Treaty of Versailles. Grignard subsequently served as the first mayor of the Belgian municipality of Kelmis until 1923. Life Grignard, while serving as a council member in Liège, took office as mayor of Neutral Moresnet on 7 December 1918, less than a month after the signing of the Armistice with Germany (Compiègne), Armistice between France and Germany, which forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and Neutral Moresnet and led to the ouster of Mayor Wilhelm Kyll, a German national. On 28 June 1919 the Treaty of Versailles settled the dispute that had created the neutral territory a century earlier by awarding Neutral Moresnet, along with Prussian Moresnet and the German municipalities of Eupen-Malmedy, Eupen and Malmedy, to Belgium. The treaty became effective on 10 Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilhelm Kyll
Wilhelm Kyll (1876–1956) was a German politician who served as the Mayor of Neutral Moresnet from 29 March 1915 until 7 December 1918. Life Wilhelm Kyll was town clerk (''Stadtsekretär'') in Wittlich (1900-1907) and Linz am Rhein (1907-1910), before he became the mayor of Hergenrath and the administrator of the county mayoralty (''Landbürgermeisterei'') of Prussian-Moresnet. Germany appointed Kyll as the mayor of Neutral Moresnet on 29 March 1915, which followed the German invasion of Belgium in 1914. The Kingdom of Prussia formally annexed Neutral Moresnet on 27 June 1915, although the annexation never received international recognition. In November 1918, the Armistice between France and Germany forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and Neutral Moresnet. This led to the ouster of Mayor Kyll. He was replaced by Pierre Grignard on 7 December 1918. At the end of 1919, Kyll ceased to be mayor of Hergenrath, which became part of Belgium upon the Treaty of Versailles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hubert Schmetz
Hubert Schmetz (1862-1930) was Mayor of Neutral Moresnet, a small neutral territory, from 20 June 1885 until 15 March 1915. Life Schmetz became mayor of Neutral Moresnet on 20 June 1885, succeeding Oskar Anton Bilharz to become the territory's fifth mayor. As mayor, Bilharz served as the territory's head of state, alongside two commissioners, one each from the Kingdom of Prussia and Belgium. During his term, Germany invaded Belgium on 4 August 1914, initially leaving Neutral Moresnet as "an oasis in a desert of destruction". A total of 147 Neutral Moresnet citizens were killed, though it is unclear whether they were killed inside the territory or in fighting outside its borders. As a result of the occupation, Schmetz was removed from his post on 15 March 1915 and Germany appointed Wilhelm Kyll Wilhelm Kyll (1876–1956) was a German politician who served as the Mayor of Neutral Moresnet from 29 March 1915 until 7 December 1918. Life Wilhelm Kyll was town clerk (''Stadtsekre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oskar Anton Bilharz
Oskar Anton Bilharz was Mayor of Neutral Moresnet, a small neutral territory, from 7 February 1882 until 20 June 1885. Life Bilharz became mayor of Neutral Moresnet on 7 February 1882, succeeding Joseph Kohl to become the territory's fourth mayor. As mayor, Bilharz served as the territory's head of state, alongside two commissioners, one each from the Kingdom of Prussia and Belgium. During his term as mayor, in 1883, Neutral Moresnet switched its territorial flag to one with a tricolore with horizontal bars in black, white and blue. The reason for the change is unclear. Bilharz was succeeded by Hubert Schmetz Hubert Schmetz (1862-1930) was Mayor of Neutral Moresnet, a small neutral territory, from 20 June 1885 until 15 March 1915. Life Schmetz became mayor of Neutral Moresnet on 20 June 1885, succeeding Oskar Anton Bilharz to become the territory's ... on 20 June 1885. Bilharz died in 1917, when he was about 86 years old. References Mayors of Moresnet 1830s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Kohl
Joseph Kohl was Mayor of Neutral Moresnet, a small neutral territory, from 1 July 1859 until 7 February 1882. References Mayors of Moresnet 1830s births 1917 deaths Neutral Moresnet {{Neutral Moresnet-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adolf Hubert Van Scherpenzeel-Thim
Adolf Hubert van Scherpenzeel-Thim (1824 – 1877) was Mayor of Neutral Moresnet, a small neutral territory, from 21 February 1859 until 30 May 1859. Having served less than 4 months, he was the territory's shortest-serving mayor. References Mayors of Moresnet 1824 births 1877 deaths Neutral Moresnet {{Neutral Moresnet-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnold Timothée De Lasaulx
Arnold Timothée Albert Francois Joseph de Lasaulx (21 January 1774 – 18 July 1863) was a Belgian politician who served as the first Mayor of Neutral Moresnet from 1817 until 1859. Having served for more than 41 years, he was Neutral Moresnet's longest-serving mayor, having served for nearly half of the territory's existence. Life Lasaulx was born at Castle Alensberg, the son of Pierre-Olivier-Albert-Georges-Joseph de Lasaulx and Marie-Anne-Emérantiane-Josèphe de Mylius. He married Anne-Dorothée-Antoinette-Joséphine de Braumann, with whom he had six children: *Marie-Anne-Françoise-Dorothée *Pierre-Ignace-Arnold-Marie *Catherine-Elisabeth-Henriette-Hubertine *Madeleine-Antoinette-Ulrique-Eugénie *Antoinette-Caroline-Joséphine-Catherine *Gaspar-Joseph-Eugène-Louis He was a knight of the Austrian ''Order of Leopold'' and was awarded the Prussian ''Red Eagle Order'', third class. From 1817 to 1859 he was Mayor of Neutral Moresnet. References External links Neut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
