Neuroterus Fragilis
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Neuroterus Fragilis
''Neuroterus fragilis'', also known as the succulent gall wasp, is a species of Cynipini, oak gall wasp. It induces galls in oak trees in California, including Quercus durata, leather oak, Quercus berberidifolia, California scrub oak, Quercus douglasii, blue oak, and Quercus lobata, valley oak. Adults are small, , with yellow legs. The galls it induces are , and present as swellings of the Petiole (botany), petioles and midribs of oak leaves. In this species of oak gall wasp, only the spring bisexual generation, consisting of both males and females, is known. However, an all-female Parthenogenesis, parthenogenic generation in summer, which most oak gall wasps have, is possible. References External links ''Neuroterus fragilis'' on gallformers
Cynipidae Gall-inducing insects Oak galls Hymenoptera of North America Insects of the United States Insects described in 1900 {{Apocrita-stub ...
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Cynipini
Cynipini is a tribe (biology), tribe of gall wasps. These insects induce galls in plants of the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. They are known commonly as the oak gall wasps.Melika, G., et al. (2013)A new genus of oak gallwasp, ''Cyclocynips'' Melika, Tang & Sinclair (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with descriptions of two new species from Taiwan.''Zootaxa'' 3630(3), 534-48. It is the largest cynipid tribe, with about 936Medianero, E. and J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. (2013)''Barucynips panamensis'', a new genus and species of oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini) from Panama, and description of one new species of ''Coffeikokkos''.''ZooKeys'' (277), 25-46. to 1000 recognized species, most of which are associated with oaks. The tribe is mainly native to the Holarctic. Cynipini wasps can act as ecosystem engineers. Their galls can become hosts of inquilines, and the wasps themselves are hosts to parasitoids. Most of these wasps undergo cyclical parthenogenesis, sometimes repr ...
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Quercus Durata
''Quercus durata'', commonly known as leather oak, is a species of oak in the white oak group (subgenus ''Quercus'', section ''Quercus''). The common name "leather oak" is derived from the leathery texture on the lop of its leaves. It is endemic to California, common in the Coast Ranges and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It is found nearly exclusively on serpentine soil. Description Leather oak is a dicot. As described by English horticulturist and botanist Theodore Payne, it is a "rather low spreading shrub with rigid branches, foliage rich deep green. Desirable for hillside planting." ''Quercus durata'' is a short species of oak generally growing to in diameter with a height of about . In more extreme cases they have been known to grow to be 3–4 m across. The gray or yellowish twigs have scaly bark and are about in diameter with the trunk diameter reaching 4–5 cm; the branches can be densely or sparsely distributed. The buds are smooth brown or reddish brown o ...
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Quercus Berberidifolia
''Quercus berberidifolia'', the California scrub oak, is a small evergreen or semi-evergreen shrubby oak in the white oak section of ''Quercus''. It is native to California and common in chaparral. Description ''Quercus berberidifolia'' grows to tall, rarely to . In cooler, more exposed areas, scrub oak is usually a small, compact shrub, but in warm or sheltered areas the plant can spread out and grow several metres high. It has oval to egg-shaped, sharply toothed, dull green leaves which are long and broad, leathery on their top surfaces and somewhat hairy underneath. Male and female catkins grow on the same plant, blooming as at the leaves unfurl. The solitary or paired brown acorns are long and broad, and pointed or egg-shaped with thin caps when mature; they mature in about 6–8 months after pollination. Similar species The species is often known simply as scrub oak, a name also applied to other ''Quercus'' species, especially several which were formerly ...
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Quercus Douglasii
''Quercus douglasii'', known as blue oak, is a species of oak endemic to California, common in the Coast Ranges and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It is California's most drought-tolerant deciduous oak, and is a dominant species in the blue oak woodland ecosystem. It is occasionally known as mountain oak and iron oak. Description ''Quercus douglasii'' is a medium-sized tree with sparse foliage, generally tall, with a trunk in diameter at breast height. Trunks are typically solitary, but some trees have multiple trunks. The tallest recorded specimen was found in Alameda County, at . The trees grow slowly, about per year. Individual trees over 500 years old have been recorded. The bark is light gray with many medium-sized dark cracks. The blue-green leaves are tough and leathery, deciduous, long, and entire or shallowly lobed. The acorns are long, with a moderately sweet kernel, and mature in 6–7 months from pollination. ''Q. douglasii'' is monoecious and wind-po ...
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Quercus Lobata
''Quercus lobata'', commonly called the valley oak or roble, is the largest of the California oaks. It is endemic to the state, growing in interior valleys and foothills from Siskiyou to San Diego counties. Deciduous, it requires year-round groundwater, and may live up to 600 years. Its thick, ridged bark (resembling alligator hide) and deeply lobed leaves are characteristic, and assist in identification. Description The valley oak may surpass in height, with a sturdy trunk possibly exceeding in diameter. The "Henley Oak", in Covelo, California, is the tallest known valley oak, at . The branches have an irregular, spreading and arching appearance. During autumn, the leaves turn a yellow to light orange color but become brown later in the season. In advancing age, the branches droop. The trees have pewter-colored rippled bark. Typically, the leaves are long and are roundly and deeply lobed. The leaf width is approximately one half its length. Each leaf is matte green with an ...
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. Its mission is to disseminate scholarship within academia and society at large. The press was founded by Whitney Darrow, with the financial support of Charles Scribner, as a printing press to serve the Princeton community in 1905. Its distinctive building was constructed in 1911 on William Street in Princeton. Its first book was a new 1912 edition of John Witherspoon's ''Lectures on Moral Philosophy.'' History Princeton University Press was founded in 1905 by a recent Princeton graduate, Whitney Darrow, with financial support from another Princetonian, Charles Scribner II. Darrow and Scribner purchased the equipment and assumed the operations of two already existing local publishers, that of the ''Princeton Alumni Weekly'' and the Princeton Press. The new press printed both local newspapers, university documents, '' The Daily Princetonian'', and later added book publishing ...
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Petiole (botany)
In botany, the petiole () is the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the Plant stem, stem. It is able to twist the leaf to face the sun, producing a characteristic foliage arrangement (spacing of blades), and also optimizing its exposure to sunlight. Outgrowths appearing on each side of the petiole in some species are called stipules. The terms wikt:petiolate, petiolate and wikt:apetiolate, apetiolate are applied respectively to leaves with and without petioles. Description The petiole is a stalk that attaches a leaf to the plant stem. In petiolate leaves the leaf stalk may be long (as in the leaves of celery and rhubarb), or short (for example basil). When completely absent, the blade attaches directly to the stem and is said to be Sessility (botany), sessile or apetiolate. Subpetiolate leaves have an extremely short petiole, and may appear sessile. The broomrape family Orobanchaceae is an example of a family in which the leaves are always sessile. In some other plant group ...
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Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis (; from the Greek + ) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which the embryo develops directly from an egg without need for fertilization. In animals, parthenogenesis means the development of an embryo from an unfertilized Gametophyte, egg cell. In plants, parthenogenesis is a component process of apomixis. In algae, parthenogenesis can mean the development of an embryo from either an individual sperm or an individual egg. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some plants, algae, invertebrate animal species (including nematodes, some tardigrades, water fleas, some scorpions, aphids, some mites, some bees, some Phasmatodea, and parasitic wasps), and a few vertebrates, such as some fish, amphibians, and reptiles. This type of reproduction has been induced artificially in animal species that naturally reproduce through sex, including fish, amphibians, and mice. Normal egg cells form in the process of meiosis and are haploid, with half as many chromosomes as t ...
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N Fragilis From Report Of The State Entomologist On Injurious And Other Insects Of The State Of New York (1917) (14781149311)
N, or n, is the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages, and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''. History One of the most common hieroglyphs, snake, was used in Egyptian writing to stand for a sound like the English , because the Egyptian word for "snake" was ''djet''. It is speculated by some, such as archeologist Douglas Petrovich, that Semitic speakers working in Egypt adapted hieroglyphs to create the first alphabet. Some hold that they used the same snake symbol to represent N, with a great proponent of this theory being Alan Gardiner, because their word for "snake" may have begun with n (an example of a possible word being ''nahash''). However, this theory has become disputed. The name for the letter in the Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic alphabets is ''nun'', which means "fish" in some of these languages. This possibly conne ...
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Cynipidae
Gall wasps, also wikt:gallfly#Usage notes, traditionally called gallflies, are hymenopterans of the family Cynipidae in the wasp superfamily Cynipoidea. Their common name comes from the galls they induce on plants for larval development. About 1,300 species of this generally very small creature () are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North America. Features Like all Apocrita, gall wasps have a distinctive body shape, the so-called Petiole (insect anatomy), wasp waist. The first abdominal tergum (the propodeum) is conjoined with the Thorax (insect anatomy), thorax, while the second abdominal segment forms a sort of shaft, the Petiole (insect anatomy), petiole. The petiole connects with the gaster (insect anatomy), gaster, which is the functional abdomen in apocritan wasps, starting with the third abdominal segment proper. Together, the petiole and the gaster form the metasoma, while the thorax and the propodeum mak ...
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Oak Galls
An oak apple or oak gall is a large, round, vaguely apple-like gall commonly found on many species of oak. Oak apples range in size from in diameter and are caused by chemicals injected by the larva of certain kinds of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Formation The adult female wasp lays single eggs in developing leaf buds. The wasp larvae feed on the gall Tissue (biology), tissue resulting from their secretions, which modify the oak bud into the gall, a structure that protects the developing larvae until they undergo metamorphosis into adults. Some common oak-apple-forming species are the ''Biorhiza pallida'' gall wasp in Europe, ''Amphibolips confluenta'' in eastern North America, and ''Atrusca bella'' in western North America. Oak apples may be brownish, yellowish, greenish, pinkish, or reddish. Other galls Considerable confusion exists in the general literature between the oak apple and the Andricus kollari, oak marble gall. The oak marble is frequently called the o ...
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