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Netherlands Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies (; ), was a Dutch colony with territory mostly comprising the modern state of Indonesia, which declared independence on 17 August 1945. Following the Indonesian War of Independence, Indonesia and the Netherlands made peace in 1949. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, the Dutch ceded the governorate of Dutch Malacca to Britain, leading to its eventual incorporation into Malacca (state) of modern Malaysia. The Dutch East Indies was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800. During the 19th century, the Dutch fought many wars against indigenous rulers and peoples, which caused hundreds of thousands of deaths. Dutch rule reached its greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century with the occupation of Western New Guinea. The Dutch East Indies was one of the most valuable colonies under European rule, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colony
A colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule, which rules the territory and its indigenous peoples separated from the foreign rulers, the colonizer, and their ''metropole'' (or "mother country"). This separated rule was often organized into colonial empires, with their metropoles at their centers, making colonies neither annexation, annexed or even Territorial integration, integrated territories, nor client states. Particularly new imperialism and its colonialism advanced this separated rule and its lasting coloniality. Colonies were most often set up and colonized for exploitation and possibly settlement by colonists. The term colony originates from the ancient rome, ancient Roman , a type of Roman settlement. Derived from ''colonus'' (farmer, cultivator, planter, or settler), it carries with it the sense of 'farm' and 'landed estate'. Furthermore, the term was used to refer to the older Greek ''apoikia'' (), which were Greek colonisation, overseas settlements by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century Before the Common Era, BCE. It is the Major religious groups, world's fourth-largest religion, with about 500 million followers, known as Buddhists, who comprise four percent of the global population. It arose in the eastern Gangetic plain as a movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. Buddhism has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to Western world, the West in the 20th century. According to tradition, the Buddha instructed his followers in a path of bhavana, development which leads to Enlightenment in Buddhism, awakening and moksha, full liberation from ''Duḥkha, dukkha'' (). He regarded this path as a Middle Way between extremes su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monarchy Of The Netherlands
The monarchy of the Netherlands is governed by the country's charter and constitution, roughly a third of which explains the mechanics of succession, accession, and abdication; the roles and duties of the monarch; the formalities of communication between the States General of the Netherlands; and the monarch's role in creating laws. The monarch is head of state and ''de jure'' head of government of the Netherlands. The once-sovereign provinces of the Spanish Netherlands were intermittently ruled by members of the House of Orange-Nassau from 1559, when Philip II of Spain appointed William the Silent (William of Orange) as a stadtholder, until 1795, when the last stadtholder, William V, Prince of Orange, fled the country. William the Silent became the leader of the Dutch Revolt and of the independent Dutch Republic. Some of his descendants were later appointed as stadtholders by the provinces and, in 1747, the role of stadtholder became a hereditary position in all provinces o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carel De Vos Van Steenwijk
Carel de Vos van Steenwijk (11 March 1759 – 2 January 1830) was a Dutch politician and diplomat. Life He was born in Vollenhove in 1759 into a rich noble family from Overijssel – his father was Jan Arent Godert de Vos van Steenwijk, a representative in the Estates General of the United Provinces and ''landdrost'' of Vollenhove and Kuinre. Carel and his brothers Godert Willem and Jan Arend de Vos van Steenwijk all played a major part in the Batavian Revolution, whilst Carel's son Jan Arend Godert also became a politician. An ardent Patriot, he began as secretary to Pieter Johan van Berckel, the Dutch Republic's first ambassador to the United States of America, from 26 June 1783 to 8 July 1784. From 1785 to 1787 he was intendant for the lands of Drenthe and member of the region's diet. He was also colonel of the '' exercitiegenootschap'' of the village of De Wijk, but after the Batavian Revolution was initially defeated he was dismissed from all his roles. The Revo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augustijn Gerhard Besier
Augustijn Gerhard Besier (19 May 1756 – 13 March 1829) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the First National Assembly of the Batavian Republic and part of the patriot faction. Early life Besier received his early education in IJsselstein. In 1772, he studied in Deventer under Johannes Ruardi, Nicolaas Heineken and Georgius Jordens. He continued his studies at the University of Leiden, where he enrolled on 18 September 1775. On 5 February 1780, Besier earned his degree in law, defending a dissertation on the rightful cession of Overijssel to Philip II of Spain. Career After completing his studies, Besier began a legal practice in Deventer. He became a magistrate of Deventer and served as the commander of the city's citizen militia, playing a key role in quelling a local uprising. After the '' Patriottentijd'' in 1787, Besier was ousted from government and forced to leave. He relocated to Zwolle where he continued his legal practice. After the Batavian Revolut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Grand Pensionaries
The following is a list of Grand pensionary, grand pensionaries of Holland, Zeeland and the Batavian Republic. During the time of the Dutch Republic, the grand pensionary was the most prominent member of the government. Though officially only a civil servant of the estates, the grand pensionary was the ''de facto'' leader of the entire republic, second only to the stadtholder, and often served in a capacity similar to that of today's prime ministers. Holland In the Seventeen Provinces Grand pensionaries of the province of Holland during the time of the Seventeen Provinces: In the Dutch Republic Holland formally adopted the Act of Abjuration in 1581 to become a province in the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Grand pensionaries of the province of Holland during the time of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands: Zeeland Grand pensionaries of the province of Zeeland during the time of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands: Batavian Repub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diarchy
Diarchy (from Greek , ''di-'', "double", and , ''-arkhía'', "ruled"),Occasionally spelled ''dyarchy'', as in the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' article on the colonial British institution duarchy, or duumvirate. is a form of government characterized by co-rule, with two people ruling a polity together either lawfully or '' de facto'', by collusion and force. The leaders of such a system are usually known as corulers. Historically, ''diarchy'' particularly referred to the system of shared rule in British India established by the Government of India Acts 1919 and 1935, which devolved some powers to local councils, which had included native Indian representation under the Indian Councils Act 1892. 'Duumvirate' principally referred to the offices of the various duumviri established by the Roman Republic. Both, along with less common synonyms such as biarchy and tandemocracy, are now used more generally to refer to any system of joint rule or office. A monarchy temporarily con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dutch Monarchy
The monarchy of the Netherlands is governed by the country's charter and constitution, roughly a third of which explains the mechanics of succession, accession, and abdication; the roles and duties of the monarch; the formalities of communication between the States General of the Netherlands; and the monarch's role in creating laws. The monarch is head of state and ''de jure'' head of government of the Netherlands. The once-sovereign provinces of the Spanish Netherlands were intermittently ruled by members of the House of Orange-Nassau from 1559, when Philip II of Spain appointed William the Silent (William of Orange) as a stadtholder, until 1795, when the last stadtholder, William V, Prince of Orange, fled the country. William the Silent became the leader of the Dutch Revolt and of the independent Dutch Republic. Some of his descendants were later appointed as stadtholders by the provinces and, in 1747, the role of stadtholder became a hereditary position in all provinces of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Governorates
A governorate or governate is an administrative division headed by a governor. As English-speaking nations tend to call regions administered by governors either states or provinces, the term ''governorate'' is typically used to calque divisions of non-English-speaking administrations. The most common usage are as a translation of Persian "Farmandari" or the Arabic '' Muhafazah''. It may also refer to the '' guberniya'' and '' general-gubernatorstvo'' of Imperial Russia or the '' gobiernos'' of Imperial Spain. Arab countries The term ''governorate'' is widely used in Arab countries to describe an administrative unit. Some governorates combine more than one '' Muhafazah''; others closely follow traditional boundaries inherited from the Ottoman Empire's ''vilayet'' system. With the exception of Tunisia, all translations into the term governorate originate in the Arabic word ''muhafazah'' (). * Governorates of Bahrain *Governorates of Egypt *Governorates of Iraq (official transla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indirect Rule
Indirect rule was a system of public administration, governance used by imperial powers to control parts of their empires. This was particularly used by colonial empires like the British Empire to control their possessions in Colonisation of Africa, Africa and Western imperialism in Asia, Asia, which was done through pre-existing indigenous power structures. Indirect rule was used by various colonial rulers such as: the French in French Algeria, Algeria and French protectorate of Tunisia, Tunisia, the Dutch in the Dutch East Indies, East Indies, the Portuguese in Portuguese Angola, Angola and Portuguese Mozambique, Mozambique and the Belgians in Ruanda-Urundi, Rwanda and Burundi. These dependencies were often called "protectorates" or "trucial states". Through this system, the day-to-day government and administration of both small and large areas were left in the hands of traditional rulers, who gained prestige and the stability and protection afforded by the Pax Britannica (in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Colonial Rule
Direct colonial rule is a form of colonialism that involves the establishment of a centralized foreign authority within a territory, which is run by colonial officials. According to Michael W. Doyle of Harvard University, in a system of direct rule, the native population is excluded from all but the lowest level of the colonial government. Ugandan academic Mahmood Mamdani classifies direct rule as centralized despotism: a system where natives were not considered citizens. The opposite of direct colonial rule is indirect rule, which integrates pre-established local elites and native institutions into the government. See also * President's rule * Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization *Environmental determinism Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular economic or social developmental (or even more gener . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mixed Government
Mixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government that combines elements of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, ostensibly making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived in Aristotle's ''Politics'' as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny. The idea was popularized during classical antiquity in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of the republic as a form of government developed under the Roman constitution. Unlike classical democracy, aristocracy or monarchy, under a mixed government rulers are elected by citizens rather than acquiring their positions by inheritance or sortition (at the Greco-Roman time, sortition was conventionally regarded as the principal characteristic of classical democracy). The concept of a mixed government was studied during the Renaissance and the Age of Reason by Tomás Fernández de Medrano, Niccolò Machiavelli, Giambattista Vico, Immanuel Kant, Thomas Hobbes and others. It was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
