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Nepenthes Infauna
''Nepenthes'' infauna are the organisms that inhabit the pitchers of ''Nepenthes'' plants. These include fly and midge larvae, spiders, mites, ants, and even a species of crab, ''Geosesarma malayanum''. The most common and conspicuous predators found in pitchers are mosquito larvae, which consume large numbers of other larvae during their development. Many of these animals are so specialised that they cannot survive anywhere else, and are referred to as ''nepenthebionts''. The complex relationships between these various organisms are not yet fully understood. The question of whether infaunal animals "steal" food from their hosts, or whether they are involved in a mutually beneficial (Symbiosis, symbiotic) association has yet to be investigated experimentally and is the source of considerable debate. Charles Clarke (botanist), Charles Clarke suggests that Mutualism (biology), mutualism is a "likely situation", whereby "the infauna receives wikt:domicile, domicile, protect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepenthes Rajah (8)
''Nepenthes rajah'' is a carnivorous plant, carnivorous pitcher plant species of the family (biology), family Nepenthes, Nepenthaceae. It is endemic (ecology), endemic to Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. ''Nepenthes rajah'' grows exclusively on Serpentine group, serpentine Substrate (biology), substrates, particularly in areas of seepage, seeping ground water where the soil is loose and permanently moist. The species has an Altitude, altitudinal range (biology), range of above sea level and is thus considered a Highland (geography), highland or sub-Alpine climate, alpine plant. Due to its localised distribution, ''N. rajah'' is classified as an endangered species by the World Conservation Union, IUCN and listed on CITES, CITES Appendix I. The species was collected by Hugh Low on Mount Kinabalu in 1858, and described the next year by Joseph Dalton Hooker, who named it after James Brooke, the first White Rajah of Sarawak. Since being in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism describes the ecological Biological interaction, interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. Mutualism is a common type of Ecology, ecological interaction. Prominent examples are: * the nutrient exchange between vascular plants and mycorrhizal fungi, * the Fertilisation, fertilization of flowering plants by pollinators, * the ways plants use fruits and edible seeds to encourage animal aid in seed dispersal, and * the way corals become photosynthetic with the help of the microorganism zooxanthellae. Mutualism can be contrasted with interspecific competition, in which each species experiences ''reduced'' fitness, and Cheating (biology), exploitation, and with parasitism, in which one species benefits at the expense of the other. However, mutualism may evolve from interactions that began with imbalanced benefits, such as parasitism. The term ''mutualism'' was introduced by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden in his 1876 book ''Animal Parasites an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepenthes Ampullaria
''Nepenthes ampullaria'' (; Latin ''ampulla'' meaning "flask") is a very distinctive and widespread species of tropical pitcher plant, present in Borneo, the Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, and Thailand.McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Catalano, M. 2010. ''Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio''. Prague.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. ''Nepenthes ampullaria'', unlike other members of its genus, has evolved away from carnivory and the plants are partly detritivores, collecting and digesting falling leaf litter in their pitchers.Moran, J.A., C.M. Clarke & B.J. Hawkins 2003. From carnivore to detritivore? Isotopic evidence for leaf litter utilization by the tropical pitcher plant ''Nepenthes ampullaria''. ''International Journal of Plant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oecologia
''Oecologia'' is an international peer-reviewed English-language journal published by Springer since 1968 (some articles were published in German or French until 1976). The journal publishes original research in a range of topics related to plant and animal ecology. ''Oecologia'' has an international focus and presents original papers, methods, reviews and special topics. Papers focus on population ecology, plant-animal interactions, ecosystem ecology, community ecology, global change ecology, conservation ecology, behavioral ecology and physiological ecology. ''Oecologia'' had an impact factor of 3.298 (2021) and is ranked 37 out of 136 in the subject category "ecology". Editorial Board As of December 2022, the journal has six editors in chief: * Carlos L. Ballaré (plant-microbe/plant-animal interactions), University of Buenos Aires, Argentina * Nina Farwig (terrestrial invertebrate ecology), University of Marburg, Germany * Indrikis Krams (terrestrial vertebrate ecology), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Putrefying
Putrefaction is the fifth stage of death, following pallor mortis, livor mortis, algor mortis, and rigor mortis. This process references the breaking down of a body of an animal post-mortem. In broad terms, it can be viewed as the decomposition of proteins, and the eventual breakdown of the cohesiveness between tissues, and the liquefaction of most organs. This is caused by the decomposition of organic matter by bacterial or fungal digestion, which causes the release of gases that infiltrate the body's tissues, and leads to the deterioration of the tissues and organs. The approximate time it takes putrefaction to occur is dependent on various factors. Internal factors that affect the rate of putrefaction include the age at which death has occurred, the overall structure and condition of the body, the cause of death, and external injuries arising before or after death. External factors include environmental temperature, moisture and air exposure, clothing, burial factors, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crab Spider
The Thomisidae are a family of spiders, including about 170 genera and over 2,100 species. The common name crab spider is often linked to species in this family, but is also applied loosely to many other families of spiders. Many members of this family are also known as flower spiders or flower crab spiders. Description Members of this family of spiders do not spin webs, and are ambush predators. The two front legs are usually longer and more robust than the rest of the legs. The back two legs are smaller, and are usually covered in a series of strong spines. They have dull colorations such as brown, grey, or very bright green, pink, white or yellow. They gain their name from the shape of their body, and they usually move sideways or backwards. These spiders are quite easy to identify and can very rarely be confused with Sparassidae family, though the crab spiders are usually smaller. Etymology Spiders in this family are called "crab spiders" due to their resemblance to cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henriksenia Nepenthicola
''Henriksenia nepenthicola'', synonym ''Misumenops nepenthicola'', is a species of crab spider. It is native to Singapore. It lives inside the pitchers of a number of lowland ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. As such, it is classified as a nepenthephile. They are slow-moving spiders which do not actively hunt. Males and females both reach a length of 6 mm. Taxonomy The species was first described by Louis Fage in 1928 as ''Misumenops nepenthicola''. It was transferred to the genus '' Henriksenia'' in 2009. A complication is that in 1930, W. S. Bristowe used the name ''Misumenops nepenthicola'' for a different species. An application to preserve Bristowe's name over Fage's was rejected in 2007, and in 2009, '' Henriksenia labuanica'' was published as a replacement name for Bristowe's name. In 2006, Pekka T. Lehtinen Pekka T. Lehtinen (born 1934) is a Finnish arachnology, arachnologist and taxonomy (biology), taxonomist. He is known for his works in systematics and for the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uranotaenia Moultoni
''Uranotaenia moultoni'' is a species of mosquito in the genus '' Uranotaenia''. It is endemic to Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. ''U. moultoni'' is placed in the subgenus ''Pseudoficalbia''. In its larval stage, ''U. moultoni'' develops in the pitchers of ''Nepenthes ''Nepenthes'' ( ) is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are m ...'' species. As such, it is considered a nepenthebiont. References Two New Mosquito Species from a Pitcher Plant of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia* Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, p. 39. Uranotaenia Insects described in 1914 Nepenthes infauna Taxa named by Frederick Wallace Edwards {{Culicidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Culex Jenseni
''Culex jenseni'' is a species of mosquito in the genus ''Culex''. It is Endemic (ecology), endemic to Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. ''C. jenseni'' is placed in the subgenus ''Lophoceraomyia''. In its larval stage, ''C. jenseni'' develops in the pitchers of ''Nepenthes'' species, especially ''Nepenthes rajah, N. rajah''. As such, it is considered a nepenthebiont. References Two New Mosquito Species from a Pitcher Plant of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia * Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu,! p. 39. Culex, jenseni Insects described in 1910 Nepenthes infauna {{Culicidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepenthes Rajah
''Nepenthes rajah'' is a carnivorous plant, carnivorous pitcher plant species of the family (biology), family Nepenthes, Nepenthaceae. It is endemic (ecology), endemic to Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. ''Nepenthes rajah'' grows exclusively on Serpentine group, serpentine Substrate (biology), substrates, particularly in areas of seepage, seeping ground water where the soil is loose and permanently moist. The species has an Altitude, altitudinal range (biology), range of above sea level and is thus considered a Highland (geography), highland or sub-Alpine climate, alpine plant. Due to its localised distribution, ''N. rajah'' is classified as an endangered species by the World Conservation Union, IUCN and listed on CITES, CITES Appendix I. The species was collected by Hugh Low on Mount Kinabalu in 1858, and described the next year by Joseph Dalton Hooker, who named it after James Brooke, the first White Rajah of Sarawak. Since being in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toxorhynchites Rajah
''Toxorhynchites rajah'' is a species of mosquito in the genus ''Toxorhynchites''. It is endemic to Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. In its larval stage, ''T. rajah'' is found exclusively in the pitchers of ''Nepenthes rajah'' (hence the name), a species of pitcher plant. As such, it is considered a nepenthebiont. References Two New Mosquito Species from a Pitcher Plant of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia* Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, p. 39. rajah Raja (; from , IAST ') is a noble or royal Sanskrit title historically used by some Indian rulers and monarchs and highest-ranking nobles. The title was historically used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The title has a long ... Insects described in 1986 Nepenthes infauna {{Culicidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
