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Navicert
The navicert, short for navigation certificate, also known as a "Letter of Assurance", was a form of commercial passport issued to allow ships to pass through blockades without inspection. This was of particular relevance during the British naval blockades of Germany in Blockade of Germany (1914–1919), World War I and Blockade of Germany (1939–1945), World War II. Background Navicerts were introduced at the suggestion of US Consul General in Embassy of the United States, London, London Robert Peet Skinner and first issued in March 1916, as a method of reducing the inconvenience of the blockade to neutral trade. The system was reintroduced for World War II starting 1 December 1939. A notice on 17 November 1939 explained the system: Navicerts were approached legally as the British authorities voluntarily refraining from their rights of visit and search. This meant that these ships whose entire cargoes were navicerted could avoid delays and uncertainty from being stopped and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blockade Of Germany (1939–1945)
The Blockade of Germany (1939–1945), also known as the Economic War, involved operations carried out during World War II by the British Empire and by France during World War II, France in order to restrict the supplies of minerals, Oil campaign of World War II, fuel, metals, food and textiles needed by Nazi Germany – and later by Fascist Italy – in order to sustain their war efforts. The economic war consisted mainly of a naval blockade, which formed part of the wider Battle of the Atlantic, but also included the Strategic bombing during World War II, bombing of economically important targets and the preclusive buying of war materials from neutral countries in order to prevent their sale to the Axis powers. * The first period, from the beginning of European hostilities in September 1939 to the end of the "Phoney War", saw both the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers intercepting neutral merchant ships to seize deliveries ''en route'' to their respective enem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
