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National Democratic Front (Iran)
The National Democratic Front ( fa, جبهه دموکراتیک ملی, Jebha-ye demokrātīk-e mellī) was a liberal political party founded during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that overthrew Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and was banned within a short time by the Islamic government. It was founded by , a grandson of celebrated Iranian nationalist Mohammad Mosaddegh and a "lawyer who had been active in human rights causes" before the downfall of the shah and the son of the fourth prime minister and the jurist Ahmad Matin-Daftari. Though it was short-lived, the party has been described as one of "the three major movements of the political center" in Iran at that time, and its ouster was one of the first indications that the Islamist revolutionaries in control of the Iranian Revolution would not tolerate liberal political forces. Overview Matin-Daftari's party was launched in early March 1979 at a meeting attended by around one million people. This was "at a time when all shades of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Interim Government Of Iran
The Interim Government of Iran ( fa, دولت موقت ايران, Dowlat-e Movaqat-e Irân) was the first government established in Iran after the Iranian Revolution. The regime was headed by Mehdi Bazargan, one of the members of the Freedom Movement of Iran, and formed on the order of Ruhollah Khomeini (known as the Ayatollah Khomeini) on 4 February 1979. From 4 to 11 February, Bazargan and Shapour Bakhtiar, the Shah's last Prime Minister, both claimed to be the legitimate prime minister; Bakhtiar fled on 11 February. Mehdi Bazargan was the prime minister of the interim government and introduced a seven-member cabinet on 14 February 1979. Ebrahim Yazdi was elected as the Foreign Minister. The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran was adopted by referendum on 24 October 1979. Before it could come into force on 3 December 1979, however, the government resigned on 6 November soon after the taking over of the American embassy. The Council of the Islamic Revolution then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Women In The Islamic Consultative Assembly
In the total 11 terms of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Islamic Consultative Assembly), 78 women have won 111 seats in various terms. Some of these women were subsequently disqualified by the Guardian Council, some failed to win the necessary votes to re-enter parliament, some were imprisoned or left Iran, and others are still seeking re-election to the parliament. There are 16 women from 13 constituencies in the current term of the parliament of Iran. The female members of the Parliament of Iran (Islamic Consultative Assembly) were all from the Muslim constituencies of the country, and no female representative from a religious minority was present in the parliament in any of the terms. More than 13 female representatives have been close relatives of influential political figures in Iranian political power. Soheila Jolodarzadeh and Mariam Behruzi from Tehran constituency and ''Nayyereh Akhavan Bitaraf'' from Isfahan constituency each have the highest rec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Board Of Directors Of The Islamic Consultative Assembly
This is an article introducing the board of directors of the Iranian parliament and legislative system of the Islamic Republic of Iran called the Islamic Consultative Assembly. The Board of Directors of the Islamic Consultative Assembly is elected by direct vote of the members of the ''Islamic Consultative Assembly'' for a term of one year, and according to the internal regulations of the ''Islamic Consultative Assembly'', the repetition of members of the ''Board of Directors of the Assembly'' is not prohibited by law. The ''Board of Directors of the Islamic Consultative Assembly'' consists of a chairman, two vice-chairmen, six secretaries and three observers. The chairman is elected by an absolute majority of the votes of the representatives and the other members of the board are elected separately and by a relative majority. The Speaker is also the Chairman of the Board. The speaker of the parliament is in charge of running the parliament, and if he is not present at the meeti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The History Of The Parliament In Iran
The history of the parliament in Iran refers to the history of this legislative body in Iran, which has gone through various stages. This legislative body has been changing and expanding from a ''25-member House of Expediency'' to the present day, which operates under the name of the Islamic Consultative Assembly with 290 members. Ancient Iran Herodotus (Greek historian) claims that after Cyrus and his sons, the Iranians formed a small assembly to determine the status of the government in their country, which Dariush succeeded in persuading to abandon democratic systems and continue the imperial system. The first known parliament in the history of Iran dates back to the Parthian Empire. During this period, an assembly called ''Mehestan'' was formed among the elders and nobles of Iran. As mentioned, the first known parliament in the history of Iran dates back to Parthian times. During this period, the ''Mehestan Assembly'' was divided into two groups of elders and emperors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organizations Of The Iranian Revolution
Many organizations, parties and guerrilla groups were involved in the Iranian Revolution. Some were part of Ayatollah Khomeini's network and supported the theocratic Islamic Republic movement, while others did not and were suppressed when Khomeini took power. Some groups were created after the fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty and still survive; others helped overthrow the Shah but no longer exist. Prerevolutionary opposition groups Before the Iranian Revolution, opposition groups tended to fall into three major categories: Constitutionalist, Marxist, and Islamist. Constitutionalists, including National Front (Iran), wanted to revive constitutional monarchy including free elections. Without elections or outlets for peaceful political activity though, they had lost their relevance and had little following. Marxists groups were primarily guerrilla groups working to defeat the Pahlavi regime by assassination and armed struggle. They were illegal and heavily suppressed by the SAVAK inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran–Iraq War
The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. It began with the Iraqi invasion of Iran and lasted for almost eight years, until the acceptance of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 by both sides. Iraq's primary rationale for the attack against Iran cited the need to prevent Ruhollah Khomeini—who had spearheaded Iran's Islamic Revolution in 1979—from exporting the new Iranian ideology to Iraq; there were also fears among the Iraqi leadership of Saddam Hussein that Iran, a theocratic state with a population predominantly composed of Shia Muslims, would exploit sectarian tensions in Iraq by rallying Iraq's Shia majority against the Baʽathist government, which was officially secular and dominated by Sunni Muslims. Iraq also wished to replace Iran as the power player in the Persian Gulf, which was not seen as an achievable objective prior to the Islamic Revolution because of Pahlavi Iran's econom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Mujahedin Of Iran
The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI), also known as Mojahedin-e-Khalq (MEK) or Mojahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MKO) ( fa, سازمان مجاهدين خلق ايران, sâzmân-e mojâhedīn-e khalq-e īrân), is an Iranian political- militant organization. It advocates overthrowing the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and installing its own government. Its revolutionary interpretation of Islam contrasts with the conservative Islam of the traditional clergy as well as the populist version developed by Ayatollah Khomeini in the 1970s. It is also Iran's largest and most active political opposition group. The MEK was founded on 5 September 1965 by leftist Iranian students affiliated with the Freedom Movement of Iran to oppose the U.S.-backed Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The organization engaged in armed conflict with the Pahlavi dynasty in the 1970s and contributed to the overthrow of the Shah during the 1979 Iranian Revolution. It subsequently purs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bani Sadr
Seyyed Abolhassan Banisadr ( fa, سید ابوالحسن بنیصدر; 22 March 1933 – 9 October 2021) was an Iranian politician, writer, and political dissident. He was the first president of Iran after the 1979 Iranian Revolution abolished the monarchy, serving from February 1980 until his impeachment by parliament in June 1981. Prior to his presidency, he was the minister of foreign affairs in the interim government. He had resided for many years in France where he co-founded the National Council of Resistance of Iran. Following his impeachment, Banisadr fled Iran and found political asylum in France. Banisadr later focused on political writings about his activities during the Iranian revolution and his critiques of the Iranian government. He became a critic of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and the country's handling of its 2009 elections. Early life and education Banisadr was born on 22 March 1933 in Hamadān. His father was an ayatollah and close to Ruhollah Khomeini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayandegan
''Ayandegan'' ( fa, آیندگان lit. "The Future People") was one of the most influential and popular daily newspapers in Iran during Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's rule. It was the first morning daily paper of Iran. It had an independent and critical stance. The paper was also a liberal and nationalist publication in the Pahlavi period. History and profile ''Ayandegan'' was founded in 1967 by Daryoush Homayoun, and its first issue appeared on 16 December that year. From its start in 1967 to 1977 Homayoun edited the paper, which held a liberal stance. The paper had its headquarters in Tehran. In the immediate aftermath of the 1979 revolution, ''Ayandegan'' enjoyed higher levels of circulation selling 400,000 copies. However, the paper was banned on 12 May 1979 due to its criticisms over the Islamic government's censorship and limitations on the freedom of press. In fact, on the same day the paper published three empty pages to protest over the statements of Ayatullah Khomeini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hezbollah Of Iran
Hezbollah ( fa, حزبالله, Ḥezbo'llāh, lit=Party of God) is an Iranian movement formed at the time of the Iranian Revolution to assist the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and his forces in consolidating power. References in the media or writing are usually made to members of the group—or Hezbollahi—rather than Hezbollah, as Hezbollah is/was not a tightly structured independent organisation, but more a movement of loosely bound groups, usually centered on a mosque.Schirazi, ''Constitution of Iran'', (1987) p.153 Hezbollahi are said to "generally act without meaningful police restraint or fear of persecution," and initially attacked demonstrations and offices of newspapers that were critical of the Ayatollah Khomeini. They are said to have "played an important role on the street at crucial moments in the early days of the revolution by confronting those the regime regarded as counter-revolutionaries." Once political challenges to the regime had died down, Hezbollah attack ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1st Assembly Of Experts
The Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution (AFRC; fa, مجلس بررسی نهایی قانون اساسی) also known as the Assembly of Experts for Constitution ( fa, مجلس خبرگان قانون اساسی), was a constituent assembly in Iran that was convened in 1979 to condense and ratify the draft prepared beforehand for the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It was mandated by the Council of the Islamic Revolution after the March 1979 referendum for regime change, and composed of 73 seats including four reserved for ethnoreligious minorities and the rest representing provincial constituencies on a basis of population. The elections to the assembly were held by the Interim Government of Iran in August 1979, which resulted in a landslide victory for the Islamist disciples of Ruhollah Khomeini who successfully added his theory –the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist– to the constitution despite opposition by the minority. It convened on 18 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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