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Nanushi
''Nanushi'' (Japanese: 名主) were officials in Japan who administered villages (''mura'') under a district magistrate (''gun-dai'') in the Edo period. The most powerful ''nanushi'', the ''ōjōya'' (大庄屋), administered up to several dozen villages, and were sometimes allowed privileges traditionally associated with the samurai class. The duties of a ''nanushi'' included tax collection and serving as the most local administrator of a rural village in direct contact with the villagers. The term ''nanushi'' was used in Kantō, while the official was called ''shōya'' (庄屋) in Kansai and ''kimoiri'' (肝煎) in Tōhoku and Hokuriku. Overview The duties of ''nanushi'' included tax collection, general village administration, management of public natural resources (such as mountain, field, river and ocean) of a village called ''iriai'', as well as negotiating with the territorial lord as the representative of the villagers. The most powerful ''nanushi'', the ''ōjōya'', ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gōzoku
, in Japanese, refers to powerful regional families. In historical context, it can refer to powerful non-royal families regardless of their area of influence, in contrast to the Imperial Family. The most powerful ''gōzoku'' families of the Yamato period included the Soga clan, Mononobe clan and Katsuragi clan. History In the Yamato period prior to the ''ritsuryō'' system, the powerful clans based in Yamato Province and Kawachi Province were referred to as the ''chūō gōzoku'' (central ''gōzoku''), while the term ''chihō'' ''gōzoku'' (regional ''gōzoku'') referred to powerful clans outside the immediate vicinity of the capital who served as '' kuni no miyatsuko'' and '' agatanushi''. The central ''gōzoku'' held '' kabane'' titles such as '' omi'' and '' muraji'', while the regional ''gōzoku'' held titles such as ''atai'' and '' kimi''. The most powerful ''daigōzoku'' ("great ''gōzoku''") included the Katsuragi clan, Ōtomo clan, Mononobe clan, and Soga clan. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gōnō
''Gōnō'' (豪農) were the upper-class Peasant, peasantry in the late Edo period and early Meiji (era), Meiji era Japan. They held considerable wealth and power in local communities, and aside from being major landowners, some owned small rural industries or served as village officials (such as ''nanushi''). They played an important role in the Industrialisation, industrialization and development of capitalism in Japan. History In the early Edo period, most peasants managed small farms, and the birth of ''gōnō'' is closely linked to the introduction of Monetary economics, monetary economy in the mid-Edo period. The growing monetary economy caused social stratification among the peasantry, leading to the increase of wealthy peasants, the ''gōnō''. On the other hand, this also led to the birth of many Tenant farmer, tenant farmers. The ''gōnō'' received land rent from the tenant farmers and bought the majority of their produce by lending in advance to Cornering the market, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bugyō
was a title assigned to ''samurai'' officials in feudal Japan. ''Bugyō'' is often translated as commissioner, magistrate, or governor, and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official's tasks or jurisdiction. Pre-Edo period In the Heian period (794–1185), the post or title of ''bugyō'' would be applied only to an official with a set task; once that task was complete, the officer would cease to be called ''bugyō''. However, in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and later, continuing through the end of the Edo period (1603–1868), posts and titles came to be created on a more permanent and regular basis.Kinihara, Misako''The Establishment of the Tosen-bugyō in the Reign of Ashikaga Yoshinori'' (唐船奉行の成立 : 足利義教による飯尾貞連の登用) Tokyo Woman's Christian University. ''Essays and S.tudies''. Abstract. Over time, there came to be 36 ''bugyō'' in the bureaucracy of the Kamakura shogunate. In 1434, Ash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gōnō
''Gōnō'' (豪農) were the upper-class Peasant, peasantry in the late Edo period and early Meiji (era), Meiji era Japan. They held considerable wealth and power in local communities, and aside from being major landowners, some owned small rural industries or served as village officials (such as ''nanushi''). They played an important role in the Industrialisation, industrialization and development of capitalism in Japan. History In the early Edo period, most peasants managed small farms, and the birth of ''gōnō'' is closely linked to the introduction of Monetary economics, monetary economy in the mid-Edo period. The growing monetary economy caused social stratification among the peasantry, leading to the increase of wealthy peasants, the ''gōnō''. On the other hand, this also led to the birth of many Tenant farmer, tenant farmers. The ''gōnō'' received land rent from the tenant farmers and bought the majority of their produce by lending in advance to Cornering the market, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manorialism
Manorialism, also known as seigneurialism, the manor system or manorial system, was the method of land ownership (or "Land tenure, tenure") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the Middle Ages. Its defining features included a large, sometimes fortified manor house in which the lord of the manor and his dependants lived and administered a rural estate, and a population of labourers or Serfdom, serfs who worked the surrounding land to support themselves and the lord. These labourers fulfilled their obligations with labour time or in-kind produce at first, and later by cash payment as commercial activity increased. Manorialism was part of the Feudalism, feudal system. Manorialism originated in the Roman villa system of the Late Roman Empire, and was widely practised in Middle Ages, medieval western Europe and parts of central Europe. An essential element of feudal society, manorialism was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daimyo
were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominally to the emperor and the ''kuge'' (an aristocratic class). In the term, means 'large', and stands for , meaning 'private land'. From the '' shugo'' of the Muromachi period through the Sengoku period to the daimyo of the Edo period, the rank had a long and varied history. The backgrounds of daimyo also varied considerably; while some daimyo clans, notably the Mōri, Shimazu and Hosokawa, were cadet branches of the Imperial family or were descended from the ''kuge'', other daimyo were promoted from the ranks of the samurai, notably during the Edo period. Daimyo often hired samurai to guard their land, and paid them in land or food, as relatively few could afford to pay them in money. The daimyo era ended soon after the Meiji Restoration, wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chōnin
was a social class that emerged in Japan during the early years of the Tokugawa period. In the social hierarchy, it was considered subordinate to the samurai warrior class. Social class The ''chōnin'' emerged in ''joka-machi'' or castle towns during the sixteenth century. The majority of ''chōnin'' were merchants, but some were craftsmen. were not considered ''chōnin''. Later, peasants, servants, and workers were also considered members of the social class. While ''chōnin'' are not as well known to non-Japanese as other social classes in Japan, they played a key role in the development of Japanese cultural products such as ''ukiyo-e'', '' rakugo'', and handicrafts. Aesthetic ideals such as ''iki'', ''tsū'', and '' wabi-sabi'' were also developed among the ''chōnin''. This association with cultural development emerged as a way for members of the class to break the strict social barriers that prevented individuals from ascending in the social hierarchy. Members of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machi-bugyō
were samurai officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. The office was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not ''daimyō''.Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868'', p. 325. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner" or "overseer" or "governor". This ''bakufu'' title identifies a magistrate or municipal administrator with responsibility for governing and maintaining order in what were perceived to be important cities. The ''machi-bugyō'' were the central public authority in the Japanese urban centers of this period. These ''bakufu''-appointed officers served in a unique role, which was an amalgam of chief of police, judge, and mayor. The ''machi-bugyō'' were expected to manage a full range of administrative and judicial responsibilities.Cunningham, Don. (2004) ''Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai'', p. 42./ref> The ''machi-bugyō'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jōkamachi
The were centres of the domains of the feudal lords in medieval Japan. The ''jōkamachi'' represented the new, concentrated military power of the daimyo in which the formerly decentralized defence resources were concentrated around a single, central citadel. These cities did not necessarily form around castles after the Edo period; some are known as ''jin'yamachi'', cities that have evolved around ''jin'ya'' or government offices that are not intended to provide military services. Defined broadly, ''jokamachi'' includes ''jin'yamachi''. It is also referred to as ''jōka'', as was common before the early modern period. History The origins of ''jōkamachi'' dates back to the Kamakura period, but it was not until the 1570s in the Sengoku period that the ''jōkamachi'' predominated other types of town. The ''jōkamachi'' can be divided into the ''shugo jōkamachi'', in which a castle town is ruled by the resident daimyo. While the ''shugo jōkamachi'' were the political centr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lawsuit
A lawsuit is a proceeding by one or more parties (the plaintiff or claimant) against one or more parties (the defendant) in a civil court of law. The archaic term "suit in law" is found in only a small number of laws still in effect today. The term "lawsuit" is used with respect to a civil action brought by a plaintiff (a party who claims to have incurred loss as a result of a defendant's actions) who requests a legal remedy or equitable remedy from a court. The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiff's complaint or else risk default judgment. If the plaintiff is successful, judgment is entered in favor of the plaintiff, and the court may impose the legal or equitable remedies available against the defendant (respondent). A variety of court orders may be issued in connection with or as part of the judgment to enforce a right, award damages or restitution, or impose a temporary or permanent injunction to prevent an act or compel an act. A declaratory judgmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Language
is the principal language of the Japonic languages, Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people. It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan, the only country where it is the national language, and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified Hachijō language. There have been many Classification of the Japonic languages, attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as Ainu languages, Ainu, Austronesian languages, Austronesian, Koreanic languages, Koreanic, and the now discredited Altaic languages, Altaic, but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), extensive waves of Sino-Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
