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Nam Hka
Hka River or Nam Hka is a river of Shan State, Burma. It is a left hand tributary of the Salween. Historically this river separated the Wa States and the northern Shan state of Manglon from Kengtung State. Course The Nam Hka forms the boundary between Burma and China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ... in its upper course when it flows roughly southwards. It bends westwards at Pangkham, located at the bend of the river, until it joins the left bank of the Salween. Bertil Lintner, ''Great Game East: India, China and the Struggle for Asia’s Most Volatile Frontier'', Harper Collins, New Delhi, 2012. Chapter 6 See also * List of rivers in Burma References External linksThe Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma Rivers of Myanmar China–Myanmar border
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Wa States
The Wa States was the name formerly given to the Wa Land, the natural region, natural and historical region inhabited mainly by the Wa people, an ethnic group speaking an Austroasiatic languages, Austroasiatic language. The region is located to the northeast of the Shan States of British rule in Burma, British Burma, in the area of present-day Shan State of northern Myanmar (Burma) and the western zone of Pu'er Prefecture, Yunnan, China. Practically the whole Wa region is rugged mountainous territory with steep hills and deep valleys. There were no urban areas. A section of the historical Wa territory was included in the state of Manglon, one of the Shan States. Sir James George Scott visited the Wa States around the turn of the 20th century and wrote about the place, taking pictures of the people and the houses of the area as well. Considered a distant and inaccessible border area by former empires, the British census of 1901 did not include the Wa States, so statistics r ...
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Salween
The Salween is a Southeast Asian river, about long, flowing from the Tibetan Plateau south into the Andaman Sea. The Salween flows primarily within southwest China and eastern Myanmar, with a short section forming the border of Myanmar and Thailand. Throughout most of its course, it runs swiftly through rugged mountain canyons. Despite the river's great length, only the last are navigable, where it forms a modest estuary and delta at Mawlamyine. The river is known by various names along its course, including the Thanlwin (named after ''Elaeocarpus'' sp., an olive-like plant that grows on its banks) in Myanmar and the Nu Jiang (or Nu River, named after Nu people) in China. The commonly used spelling "Salween" is an anglicisation of the Burmese name dating from 19th-century British maps. Due to its great range of elevation and latitude coupled with geographic isolation, the Salween basin is considered one of the most ecologically diverse regions in the world, containing an estim ...
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Myanmar
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by India and Bangladesh to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon). Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy River, Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language and Culture of Myanmar, culture and Buddhism in Myanmar, Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the co ...
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and Borders of China, borders fourteen countries by land across an area of nearly , making it the list of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest country by land area. The country is divided into 33 Province-level divisions of China, province-level divisions: 22 provinces of China, provinces, 5 autonomous regions of China, autonomous regions, 4 direct-administered municipalities of China, municipalities, and 2 semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is List of cities in China by population, its most populous city by urban area and largest financial center. Considered one of six ...
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Shan State
Shan State (, ; , ) is a administrative divisions of Myanmar, state of Myanmar. Shan State borders China (Yunnan) to the north, Laos (Louang Namtha Province, Louang Namtha and Bokeo Provinces) to the east, and Thailand (Chiang Rai Province, Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai Province, Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son Provinces) to the south, and five administrative divisions of Myanmar in the west (Kachin State, Mandalay Region, Kayin State, Kayah State, and Sagaing Region). The largest of the 14 administrative divisions by land area, Shan State covers 155,800 km2, almost a quarter of the total area of Myanmar. The state gets its name from the Burmese name for the Tai peoples: "Shan people". The Tai (Shan) constitute the majority among several ethnic groups that inhabit the area. Shan State is largely rural, with only three cities of significant size: Lashio, Kengtung, and the capital, Taunggyi. Taunggyi is northeast of the nation's capital Naypyitaw. The Shan state, with many ethnic groups ...
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Burma
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by India and Bangladesh to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon). Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invas ...
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Shan States
The Shan States were a collection of minor Shan people, Shan kingdoms called ''mueang, möng'' whose rulers bore the title ''saopha'' (''sawbwa''). In British rule in Burma, British Burma, they were analogous to the princely states of British Raj, British India. The term "Shan States" was first used during the British rule in Burma as a geopolitical designation for certain areas of Burma (officially, the Federated Shan States, which included the Karenni States, consisted of today's Shan State and Kayah State). In some cases, the Lan Na, Siamese Shan States was used to refer to Lan Na (northern Thailand) and Tusi, Chinese Shan States to the Shan regions in southern Yunnan such as Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Xishuangbanna. Historical mention of the Shan states inside the present-day boundaries of Burma began during the period of the Pagan kingdom, Pagan dynasty; according to the Tai chronicles, the first major Shan State of that era was founded in 1215 at Möng Ka ...
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Kengtung State
Kengtung (; ''Chiang Tung;'' ), known as Menggen Prefecture ( zh, 孟艮府) or Möng Khün tusi, Chiefdom or Mueng Khuen Fu (administrative division)#China, Fu (Khün language, Tai Khün: ), classical name Khemarattha, was a Shan people, Shan state from 1405 to 1895 in what is today Burma. The capital and the residence of the ruler was Kengtung (then known as "Tai Khuen City" 歹掯城) in the centre of the state. It was the only urban area in this mountainous state whose landscape is dominated by the Daen Lao Range. Kengtung was the largest of the states in present-day Shan State and ranked first in the order of precedence at the time of the invasion of the Shan States by the British Empire. It was also the easternmost of the Southern Shan States, lying almost entirely east of the Salween and stretching eastwards to the Mekong. It was separated from the northern Shan state of Manglon by the Hka River. Most of the early history of Kengtung is made up of myths and legends. ...
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Pangkham
Pangkham (; zh, c=邦康, p=Bāngkāng; Parauk: ), known before 1999 as Panghsang ( Parauk: , ), is a border town in Myanmar's far eastern Shan State. It is situated at a bend on the Hka River near the border with Yunnan Province, China, opposite of the town of Menglian. Pangkham is the main town of Pangsang Township of Matman District of Shan State. It has hotels, shops, a supermarket, karaoke bars, a bowling alley, and a 24-hour casino. There is a thriving night life centered on the casino. Food in Pangkham is mostly imported from China. The cars, mainly Land Rovers, Land Cruisers and foreign pick-ups, have been smuggled in from Thailand. History Pangkham is the ''de facto'' capital of Wa State, officially designated the Wa Self-Administered Division, while Hopang is its capital assigned by Myanmar government. It is controlled by the United Wa State Army (UWSA), the military wing of the United Wa State Party (UWSP) formed after the collapse of the Communist Part ...
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Bertil Lintner
Bertil Lintner (born 1953) is a Swedish journalist, author and strategic consultant who has been writing about Asia for nearly four decades. He was formerly the Burma (Myanmar) correspondent of the now defunct ''Far Eastern Economic Review'', and Asia correspondent for the Swedish daily ''Svenska Dagbladet'' and Denmark's ''Politiken''. He currently works as a correspondent for ''Asia Times''. Life and work Bertil Lintner has written extensively about Myanmar (formerly known as Burma), India (with an emphasis on north east India), China and North Korea in various local, national and international publications of over thirty countries. He is considered to be the first journalist to reveal the growing relationship between Burma and North Korea on strategic cooperation. He mainly writes about organized crime, ethnic and political insurgencies, and regional security. He has published several books including, ''Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy'', ''Blood Brothers: T ...
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List Of Rivers In Burma
This is a list of rivers in Myanmar (also known as Burma). This list is arranged by drainage basin from east to west, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name. Bay of Bengal * Nāf River * Kaladan River * Lemro River * Mayu River * Kaleindaung River * Pyanmalot River (Pyamalaw River) * Irrawaddy River (Ayeyarwady River) ** Lai Za Stream *** Mung Lai Stream ** Yin River ** Mon River ** Yaw River *** Kyaw River ** Chindwin River *** Myittha River **** Manipur River *** Uyu River *** Tizu River ** Mu River ** Myitnge River *** Zawgyi River ** Shweli River ** Taping River ** N'Mai River ** Mali River ** Pathein River (Bassein River) (Ngawun River) *** A-thút *** Dagā River ** Yangon River (Rangoon River) (Hlaing River) *** Thandi River ** Myitmaka River * Bago River (Pegu River) * Sittaung River ** Phyu Creek ** Kha Paung Creek ** Sinthay River ** Paunglaung River * Salween River (Thanlwin River) ** Ataran River *** Zami River ** ...
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