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Nafir (trumpet)
''Nafir'' (Arabic نَفير, DMG ''an-nafīr''), also ''nfīr'', plural ''anfār'', Turkish ''nefir'', is a slender shrill-sounding straight natural trumpet with a cylindrical tube and a conical metal bell, producing one or two notes. It was used as a military signaling instrument and as a ceremonial instrument in countries shaped by Islamic culture in North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. In Ottoman, Persian and Mugulin miniatures, the ''nafīr'' is depicted in battle scenes. In Christian culture, it displaced or was played alongside of the curved tuba or horn, as seen in artwork of about the 14th century A.D. Similar straight signal trumpets have been known since ancient Egyptian times and among the Assyrians and Etruscans. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the straight-tubed Roman tuba continued to flourish in the Middle East among the Sassanids and their Arabic successors. The Saracens, whose long metal trumpets greatly impressed the Christian armies at the time ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brass Instrument
A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by Sympathetic resonance, sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. The term ''labrosone'', from Latin elements meaning "lip" and "sound", is also used for the group, since instruments employing this "lip reed" method of sound production can be made from other materials like wood or animal horn, particularly early or traditional instruments such as the cornett, alphorn or shofar. There are several factors involved in producing different Pitch of brass instruments, pitches on a brass instrument. Slide (wind instrument), Slides, Brass instrument valve, valves, Crook (music), crooks (though they are rarely used today), or Key (instrument), keys are used to change vibratory length of tubing, thus changing the available harmonic series (music), harmonic series, while the player's embouchure, lip tension and air flow serve to select the specific harmonic produ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clarion (instrument)
Clarion is a name for a high-pitched trumpet used in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It is also a name for a 4' organ reed stop that produces a high-pitched or clarion-like sound on a pipe organ in the clarion trumpet's range of notes. The word ''clarion'' has changed meanings over centuries and across languages. Today, in modern French'' clairon'' refers to the bugle, while in Italy '' chiarina'' refers to modern trumpets of historic design, made from bent tubing and without valves, similar to the natural trumpet. Resembling these instruments is the modern fanfare trumpet, like the ''chiarina'' or natural trumpet, but with the option of using valves. ''Clarion'' became a musical term to refer the upper register of the standard trumpet. However, a ''clarin'' trumpet did exist with a narrower bore than the standard trumpet and a "broad, flat mouthpiece," designed to "play the high partials." In war the trumpet historically had a harsh sound, often described as, "like the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus () was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. The name refers to the different Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most of the peninsula as well as Septimania under Umayyad rule. These boundaries changed through a series of conquests Western historiography has traditionally characterized as the ''Reconquista'',"Para los autores árabes medievales, el término Al-Andalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas – siquiera temporalmente – por tropas arabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, España y Francia" ("For medieval Arab authors, Al-Andalus designated all the conquered areas – even temporarily – by Arab-Muslim troops in territories now belonging to Spain, Portugal and France"), García de Cortázar, José Ángel. ''V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Nájera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994'', Gobie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Añafil
The ''buisine'' and the ''añafil'' were variations of a type of straight medieval trumpet usually made of metal, also called a herald's trumpet. While arguably the same instrument, the two names represent two separate traditions, in which a Persian-Arabic-Turkic instrument called the ''Nafir'' entered European culture in different places and times. The term ''buisine'' (Old French; also, ''busine'', ''buysine'', ''buzine'') descends from ''Buccina'', a Roman military horn. The horn was mainly used for military and ceremonial purposes. When Europeans went to the crusades, the instrument was seen as a proper military target (in the same way a flag or pendant was), something to capture and bring home. The term ''añafil'' descends from '' al-Nafir'', the Persian-Arab Islamic trumpet which was used by Moorish armies in Spain, before the Crusades. By the Reconquista (722–1492) when residents of the future Spain retook the Iberian Peninsula, ''añafil'' was part of the nation's lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and at times directed by the Papacy during the Middle Ages. The most prominent of these were the campaigns to the Holy Land aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and its surrounding territories from Muslim rule. Beginning with the First Crusade, which culminated in the Siege of Jerusalem (1099), capture of Jerusalem in 1099, these expeditions spanned centuries and became a central aspect of European political, religious, and military history. In 1095, after a Byzantine request for aid,Helen J. Nicholson, ''The Crusades'', (Greenwood Publishing, 2004), 6. Pope Urban II proclaimed the first expedition at the Council of Clermont. He encouraged military support for List of Byzantine emperors, Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, AlexiosI Komnenos and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Across all social strata in Western Europe, there was an enthusiastic response. Participants came from all over Europe and had a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Signal Instrument
A signal instrument is a musical instrument which is not only used for music as such, but also fit to give sound signals as a form of auditive communication, usually in the open air. Signal instruments are often contrasted with melody, melodic and diatonic and chromatic, diatonic or chromatic instruments ("a musical (rather than signal) instrument"Fenlon, Iain; ed. (2009). ''Early Music History: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Music'', p.173, n.28. Cambridge University. . is not uncommon phrasing). To make the message audible at a distance, percussion instrument, percussion and brass instruments, which are generally loud, are chiefly used for this purpose. There are contemporary instruments which evolved from signal instruments, such as the natural horn evolving to the trumpet. Environment Before the introduction of modern technological communication, signaling over a distance was often a very good way to pass messages, especially in difficult terrain such as the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural Trumpet
A natural trumpet is a valveless brass instrument that is able to play the notes of the harmonic series. History :''See: Clarion'' The natural trumpet was used as a military instrument to facilitate communication (e.g. break camp, retreat, etc.). Even before the late Baroque period the natural trumpet had been accepted into Western art music. There is evidence, for example, of extensive use of trumpet ensembles in Venetian ceremonial music of the 16th century. Although neither Andrea nor Giovanni Gabrieli wrote music specifically for the trumpet, they would have been very familiar with its technical possibilities. Later, talented players such as the early baroque composer Girolamo Fantini demonstrated that by playing in the extreme upper register and "lipping" the notes of the 11th and 13th harmonics (that is, flattening or sharpening those impure harmonics into tune with the embouchure), it was possible to play diatonic major and minor scales (and, hence, actual melodie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DIN 31635
DIN 31635 is a (DIN) standard for the transliteration of the Arabic alphabet adopted in 1982. It is based on the rules of the (DMG) as modified by the International Orientalist Congress 1935 in Rome. The most important differences from English-based systems were doing away with ''j'', because it stood for in the English-speaking world and for in the German-speaking world and the entire absence of digraphs like ''th, dh, kh, gh, sh''. Its acceptance relies less on its official status than on its elegance (one sign for each Arabic letter) and the ''Geschichte der arabischen Literatur'' manuscript catalogue of Carl Brockelmann and the dictionary of Hans Wehr. Today it is used in most German-language publications of Arabic and Islamic studies. Along with rules for the Arabic language, it also includes transliteration standards for Ottoman Turkish, Persian, Kurdish, Urdu, and Pashto. Table :The 28 letters: Rules The ' (', ' and ') are transliterated as ', ' and '. A ' results ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baroque Trumpet
The baroque trumpet is a musical instrument in the brass family. Smithers, Don L. 1988 ''The Music and History of the Baroque Trumpet before 1721''. 2nd edition. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. It is designed to allow modern performers to imitate the natural trumpet when playing music of that time, so it is often associated with it. The term 'baroque trumpet' is often used to differentiate an instrument which has added vent holes and other modern compromises, from an original or replica natural trumpet which does not.Barclay, Robert. 1998. A New Species of Instrument: The Vented Trumpet in Context. ''Historic Brass Journal'', vol. 10: p.1-13. Notable baroque trumpet players include Alison Balsom, Niklas Eklund, Brian Shaw, and Caleb Hudson. History The Baroque trumpet was invented in the middle of the 20th century, it is based on the natural trumpet of the 16th to 18th centuries. Modern reproductions The term "baroque trumpet" has come to mean a version of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narsinga
The nansingha or nansinga is a type of primitive trumpet made of copper or copper alloys, used in both India and Nepal. The instrument is made of two metal curves, joined to form an "S" shape. It may also be reassembled to form a crescent. It is part of a group of curved-tube instruments that include the ransingha, the narsinga and the sringa. It may also be related to the laawaa and Tibetan dungchen, both straight tubular copper horns. Alternate names The instrument's name has been variously spelled narsinga, ransingha, ramsinga, and srnga. Srnga is ''Sanskrit'' for horn and used in North India and Nepal. Its modern forms include "''Sig''", "''Siga,''", and "''Singha''". The term was historically used for a wide variety shapes and sizes of horns, including straight horns, and horns made from water buffalo horns with mouthpieces made from ox horns. Ramsingha The ramsinga is a pronunciation specific to India. It uses four pipes of very thin metal which fit one within the oth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sringa
The Sringa, also known as tutari, ranasringa, blowhorn, sig, singa, kurudutu, gaali-kommu or kombu, is an ancient Indian musical instrument. It is a type of horn wind instrument. Construction There are two shape types of bugles, one made in "S" shape, and the other in "C" shape. Material was originally made of animal horn, and of metal. Playing The tutari in Maharashtra, has survived not just because of its connections to royal traditions, but as a current political symbol. The instrument is also executed in South India, in Sri Lanka, and Nepal. It is played for festivals, and in ritual performances known as kshetram vadyam. It is also played for marriages and in military music. See also *Kombu (instrument) *Ransingha The nansingha or nansinga is a type of natural horn, primitive trumpet made of copper or copper alloys, used in both India and Nepal. The instrument is made of two metal curves, joined to form an "S" shape. It may also be reassembled to form a c .... A similar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
