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Mülk
Mülk was a form of land holding in the Ottoman Empire. Characteristics of mülk Mülk was similar to freehold land; owners could buy, sell, and mortgage freely. It was exempt from some kinds of land taxes. Mülk was about more than just the ''land''; it might also include the right to annual malikane payments from tenants and farmers. History The term mülk has its origins in Arabic and was historically significant in the context of property and land ownership, particularly in the Islamic world. During the Ottoman Empire, ''mülk'' specifically referred to privately owned land, distinct from other forms such as miri (state land) and vakıf (land dedicated to religious endowments). The concept of ''mülk'' played a key role in the Ottoman land tenure system, influencing how wealth and power were distributed across different societal classes. In the Ottoman Empire, private ownership of land was relatively rare. Most land was considered ''miri'' and belonged to the state, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinirname
A Sınırname was a type of document in the Ottoman empire, representing an area of land; similar to a modern title deed, although often describing a larger area such as a village or district, rather than a single residence. A ''sınırname'' would be granted by a higher authority - even the sultan. It would describe the boundary of the land. A sınırname might be issued like a land grant, or it might be issued following resolution of a border dispute (for instance, by a Kadı, kadi). ''Sınırname'' also described land usage; they were parallel to the system of defters which were used for taxation. References Land management in the Ottoman Empire Property law {{law-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malikâne
Malikâne was a form of tax farming introduced in the Ottoman empire in 1695. It was intended as an improvement on the Iltizam system, in which a tax-farmer was responsible for a single year. Malikâne contracts were for life; this provided more security for the tax farmer (''malikaneci'') and a less exploitative relationship with the peasants; malikanecis might even make investments to improve productivity. However, vested interests - from existing mültezims who benefited from the Iltizam system - prevented wider adoption of malikâne. Also, malikâne could not be converted into vakf - an important distinction from mülk. A malikâne tax-farm, typically for a village or district, would be auction An auction is usually a process of Trade, buying and selling Good (economics), goods or Service (economics), services by offering them up for Bidding, bids, taking bids, and then selling the item to the highest bidder or buying the item from th ...ed to the highest bidder; in retur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinirname
A Sınırname was a type of document in the Ottoman empire, representing an area of land; similar to a modern title deed, although often describing a larger area such as a village or district, rather than a single residence. A ''sınırname'' would be granted by a higher authority - even the sultan. It would describe the boundary of the land. A sınırname might be issued like a land grant, or it might be issued following resolution of a border dispute (for instance, by a Kadı, kadi). ''Sınırname'' also described land usage; they were parallel to the system of defters which were used for taxation. References Land management in the Ottoman Empire Property law {{law-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freehold (law)
A freehold, in common law jurisdictions or Commonwealth countries such as England and Wales, Australia, Canada, Ireland, India and the United States, is the common mode of ownership of real property, or land, and all immovable structures attached to such land. It is in contrast to a leasehold, in which the property reverts to the owner of the land after the lease period expires or otherwise lawfully terminates. For an estate to be a freehold, it must possess two qualities: immobility (property must be land or some interest issuing out of or annexed to land) and ownership of it must be forever ("of an indeterminate duration"). If the time of ownership can be fixed and determined, it cannot be a freehold. It is "An estate in land held in fee simple, fee tail or for term of life." The default position subset is the perpetual freehold, which is "an estate given to a grantee for life, and then successively to the grantee's heirs for life." England and Wales Diversity of freeholds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waqf
A (; , plural ), also called a (, plural or ), or ''mortmain'' property, is an Alienation (property law), inalienable charitable financial endowment, endowment under Sharia, Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets. A charitable trust may hold the donated assets. The person making such dedication is known as a ('donor') who uses a ''mutawalli'' ('trustee') to manage the property in exchange for a share of the revenues it generates. A waqf allows the state to provide social services in accordance with Islamic law while contributing to the preservation of cultural and historical sites. Although the system depended on several hadiths and presented elements similar to practices from pre-Islamic cultures, it seems that the specific full-fledged Islamic legal form of financial endowment, endowment called dates from the 9th century CE (see below ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiflik (Ottoman Empire)
Chiflik, or chiftlik (Ottoman Turkish: ; ; , ''chiflik''; , ''čiflig''; , ''tsiflíki''; /''čitluk''), is a Turkish term for a system of land management in the Ottoman Empire. Before the chiflik system the Empire used a non-hereditary form of land management called the timar system. As the Empire began to collapse, powerful military officers started to claim land from the sultan's holding allowing them to pass the land onto their sons, thus creating the chiflik system. This form of land management lasted from the 16th century until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1919. Background In the Ottoman Empire, before the chiflik system was adopted, the timar system was official Ottoman policy. The system was one in which the projected revenue of a conquered territory was distributed in the form of temporary land grants among the Sipahis (cavalrymen) and other members of the military class including Janissaries and other servants of the Sultan. These land grants were given ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iltizam
An iltizam () was a form of tax farm that appeared in the 15th century in the Ottoman Empire. The system began under Mehmed the Conqueror and was abolished during the Tanzimat reforms in 1856. Iltizams were sold off by the government to wealthy notables, who would then reap up to five times the amount they had paid by taxing the peasants and extracting agricultural production. It was a system that was very profitable and was of great benefit to the Egyptian aristocracy under the Mamluk Sultanate, Mamluks, and helped create a large and powerful elite. In Egypt, it was abolished by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali as part of his centralization efforts in the early nineteenth century. After confiscating the iltizam lands of the ulema, Muhammad Ali imposed a tax on their significant (and previously tax-exempt) waqf revenues. The holder of an iltizam was a ''mültezim'' () An iltizam was typically an annual agreement. The malikâne (), developed as a replacement for iltizam, was f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tapu Resmi
The tapu resmi was a feudal land tax in the Ottoman Empire. A ''tapu'' was the equivalent of a title deed for farmland, in a feudal system where farmers were proprietors rather than outright owners; this would be recorded in a ''tapu tahrir'', a survey of land ownership and land grants which the Ottoman government used to update land-tax records, and which are now valuable to historians. Not all land was subject to the tapu system; iltizam tax-farming was more commonly applied to non-tapu land. A prominent 16th-century legal theorist argued that tapu resmi was contrary to shari'ah law, and was effectively a bribe; however, tapu resmi continued to be used across the Ottoman Empire. Tapu resmi was a ''divani'' tax on these land titles, payable to the timar holder. Because land inherited land was subject to a change of title, tapu resmi could also be seen as an ''inheritance'' tax; but the tapu resmi fee was payable on other transfers too, including when farmland fell vacant because a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mawat (other)
{{disambiguation ...
Mawat may refer to: * Mawat, Iraq, a town in Iraqi Kurdistan * Rumah Mawat, a settlement in Sarawak Sarawak ( , ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. It is the largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia. Sarawak is located in East Malaysia in northwest Borneo, and is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Management In The Ottoman Empire
Land, also known as dry land, ground, or earth, is the solid terrestrial surface of Earth not submerged by the ocean or another body of water. It makes up 29.2% of Earth's surface and includes all continents and islands. Earth's land surface is almost entirely covered by regolith, a layer of rock, soil, and minerals that forms the outer part of the crust. Land plays an important role in Earth's climate system, being involved in the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle. One-third of land is covered in trees, another third is used for agriculture, and one-tenth is covered in permanent snow and glaciers. The remainder consists of desert, savannah, and prairie. Land terrain varies greatly, consisting of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, glaciers, and other landforms. In physical geology, the land is divided into two major categories: Mountain ranges and relatively flat interiors called cratons. Both form over millions of years through plate tectonics. Streams – a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
