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Mycetoma
Mycetoma is a chronic infection Subcutaneous tissue, in the skin caused by either bacteria (actinomycetoma) or fungi (eumycetoma), typically resulting in a triad of painless firm skin lumps, the formation of weeping sinus (anatomy), sinuses, and a discharge that contains grains. 80% occur in feet. Most eumycetoma is caused by ''M. mycetomatis'', whereas most actinomycetoma is caused by ''N. brasiliensis'', ''S. somaliensis'', ''A. madurae,'' and ''Actinomadura pelletieri''. People who develop mycetoma likely have a weakened cell-mediated immunity, immune system. It can take between 3 months to 50 years from the time of infection to first seeking healthcare advice. Diagnosis requires ultrasound and fine needle aspiration. While most cases of mycetoma occur in Sudan, Venezuela, Mexico, and India, its true prevalence and incidence are not well-known. It appears most frequently in rural areas, particularly in farmers and shepherds, who are often men between 20 and 40 years old ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madurella Mycetomatis
''Madurella mycetomatis'' is a fungus primarily reported in Central Africa as a cause of mycetoma in humans. It has been misclassified for many years, but with improvement of molecular techniques, its phylogenetic classification has been established. Many methods exist to identify ''M. mycetomatis,'' both in lesions and in culture. Histological examination is especially useful, as it has many unique morphological features. Strain-level differences in response to antifungal agents is informative for treatment and laboratory isolation of cultures. History ''Madurella mycetomatis'' underwent many name changes. In 1901, Brumpt described the first recorded case of mycosis caused by ''M. mycetomatis'', identifying black granules in association with mycetoma. In 1902, Laveran named the fungus ''Strepthothrix mycetomi'', which he had identified from a mycetoma grain. In 1905, Brumpt corrected its genus to ''Madurella'', in turn changing its name to ''Madurella mycetomi''. The fungus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eumycetoma
Eumycetoma, also known as Madura foot, is a persistent Mycoses, fungal infection of the skin and the tissues subcutaneous tissue, just under the skin, affecting most commonly the feet, although it can occur in hands and other body parts. It starts as a painless wet Nodule (medicine), nodule, which may be present for years before ulceration, swelling, grainy discharge and weeping from Sinus (anatomy), sinuses and fistulae, followed by bone deformity. Several fungi can cause eumycetoma, including: ''Madurella mycetomatis'', ''Madurella grisea'', ''Curvularia lunata'', ''Scedosporium species'', ''Acremonium'' and ''Fusarium'' species. Diagnosis is by biopsy, visualising the fungi microscopy, under the microscope and microbiological culture, culture. Medical imaging may reveal extent of bone involvement. Other tests include ELISA, immunodiffusion, and DNA Barcoding. Treatment includes Surgical debridement, surgical removal of affected tissue and Antifungal, antifungal medicines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Actinomycetoma
Actinomycetoma is a chronic bacterial subcutaneous infection caused by '' Actinomyces'' that affect the skin and connective tissue. It is, therefore, a form of actinomycosis. Mycetoma is a broad term which includes actinomycetoma and eumycetoma under it. However, eumycetoma Eumycetoma, also known as Madura foot, is a persistent Mycoses, fungal infection of the skin and the tissues subcutaneous tissue, just under the skin, affecting most commonly the feet, although it can occur in hands and other body parts. It s ... is caused by fungal infection in contrast to actinomycetoma that is caused by mostly anaerobic bacteria. References Bacterial diseases {{Cutaneous-infection-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fosravuconazole
Fosravuconazole (trade name Nailin) is a triazole antifungal agent. In Japan, it is approved for the treatment of onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nail. It is a prodrug that is converted into ravuconazole. Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) and the Japanese pharmaceutical company Eisai found that fosravuconazole works as a treatment for mycetoma, a serious condition. The Phase II clinical trial found that oral fosravuconazole was safe, patient-friendly, and effective in treating eumycetoma. Eumycetoma mainly affects young adults in poorer, rural areas; the standard treatment is itraconazole, which is much more expensive at about US$ The United States dollar (Currency symbol, symbol: Dollar sign, $; ISO 4217, currency code: USD) is the official currency of the United States and International use of the U.S. dollar, several other countries. The Coinage Act of 1792 introdu ...2,000 for a year than fosravuconazole and unaffordable, and not availabl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Streptomyces Somaliensis
''Streptomyces somaliensis'' is a proteolytic bacterium species from the genus of '' Streptomyces'' which has been isolated from a mycetoma from the foot of a man in Somalia Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, th .... ''Streptomyces somaliensis'' is a human pathogen and can cause actinomycosis. See also * List of ''Streptomyces'' species References Further reading * * * * * * External linksType strain of ''Streptomyces somaliensis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase somaliensis Bacteria described in 1948 {{Streptomyces-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animal Fungal Diseases
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia (). With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Animals form a clade, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described, of which around 1.05 million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range from to . They have complex ecologies and interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The scientific study of animals is known as zoology, and the study of animal behaviour is known as ethology. The animal kingdom is divided into five major clades, namely Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Mycetoma In India In 2013
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus ''Homo''. They are Hominidae, great apes characterized by their Prehistory of nakedness and clothing#Evolution of hairlessness, hairlessness, bipedality, bipedalism, and high Human intelligence, intelligence. Humans have large Human brain, brains, enabling more advanced cognitive skills that facilitate successful adaptation to varied environments, development of sophisticated tools, and formation of complex social structures and civilizations. Humans are Sociality, highly social, with individual humans tending to belong to a Level of analysis, multi-layered network of distinct social groups — from families and peer groups to corporations and State (polity), political states. As such, social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of Value theory, values, norm (sociology), social norms, languages, and traditions (co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antifungal
An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor's prescription, but a few are available over the counter (OTC). The evolution of antifungal resistance is a growing threat to health globally. Routes of administration Ocular Indicated when the fungal infection is located in the eye. There is currently only one ocular antifungal available: natamycin. However, various other antifungal agents could be compounded in this formulation. Intrathecal Used occasionally when there's an infection of the central nervous system and other systemic options cannot reach the concentration required in that region for therapeutic benefit. Example(s): amphotericin B. Vaginal This may be used to treat some fungal in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antibiotics
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting pathogenic bacteria, bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the therapy, treatment and antibiotic prophylaxis, prevention of such infections. They may either bactericide, kill or bacteriostatic agent, inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the ones which cause the common cold or influenza. Drugs which inhibit growth of viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals. Antibiotics are also not effective against fungi. Drugs which inhibit growth of fungi are called antifungal drugs. Sometimes, the term ''antibiotic''—literally "opposing life", from the Greek language, Greek roots ἀντι ''anti'', "against" and βίος ''bios'', "life"—is broadly used to refer to any substance used against ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Guardian Media Group, owned by the Scott Trust Limited. The trust was created in 1936 to "secure the financial and editorial independence of ''The Guardian'' in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of ''The Guardian'' free from commercial or political interference". The trust was converted into a limited company in 2008, with a constitution written so as to maintain for ''The Guardian'' the same protections as were built into the structure of the Scott Trust by its creators. Profits are reinvested in its journalism rather than distributed to owners or shareholders. It is considered a newspaper of record in the UK. The editor-in-chief Katharine Viner succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
