Muscimol
Muscimol, also known as agarin or pantherine, as well as 5-(aminomethyl)-1,2-oxazol-3-ol, is the principal psychoactive constituent of ''Amanita muscaria'' and '' Amanita pantherina''. Muscimol is an isoxazole alkaloid and a potent and selective orthosteric agonist for the GABAA receptor It displays sedative-hypnotic, depressant and hallucinogenic psychoactivity. It is widely used to study GABAergic function in the brain. Muscimol is under investigation for its potential to treat anxiety, insomnia, and neurological disorders, though its psychoactive nature requires careful regulation. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 studies found that muscimol reduces neuropathic pain symptoms, with effects beginning within 15 minutes and lasting up to three hours. Muscimol was tested in small clinical trials between 1977 and 1982 for conditions like schizophrenia, Huntington’s disease, and tardive dyskinesia, but showed limited efficacy and was eventually supplanted by the re ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Amanita Muscaria
''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus ''Amanita''. It is a large white-lamella (mycology), gilled, white-spotted mushroom typically featuring a bright red cap covered with distinctive white warts. It is one of the most recognizable fungi in the world. ''A.muscaria'' exhibits complex genetic diversity that suggests it is a species complex rather than a single species. It is a widely distributed mushroom native to temperate and boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, now also naturalized in the Southern Hemisphere, forming symbiotic relationships with various trees and spreading invasively in some regions. Its name derives from its traditional use as an insecticide. It can cause poisoning, especially in children and those seeking its hallucinogenic effects, due to psychoactive compounds like muscimol and the ibotenic acid; however, fatal poisonings are extremely rare. Boiling it reduces toxicity by removi ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Ibotenic Acid
Ibotenic acid or (''S'')-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)acetic acid, also referred to as ibotenate, is a naturally occurring alpha-amino acid found in certain ''Amanita'' mushrooms, that primarily acts as a potent glutamate receptor agonist that precipitates neurological effects and is used experimentally as a brain-lesioning agent in mice and rats. Ibotenic acid is a conformationally-restricted analogue of glutamate that acts as a non-selective glutamate receptor agonist, strongly activating NMDA, group I and II metabotropic glutamate receptors, and weakly activating AMPA and kainate receptors. It is a prodrug of muscimol, broken down by the liver into this more stable compound, which acts as a potent GABAA and GABAA-ρ receptor agonist. Although its psychoactive effects are not well understood, some researchers speculate that ibotenic acid itself may have stimulant properties. Ibotenic acid is biosynthesized from glutamic acid by hydroxylation catalyzed by an F ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Amanita Pantherina
''Amanita pantherina'', also known as the panther cap, false blusher, and the panther amanita due to its similarity to the true blusher (''Amanita rubescens''), is a species of fungus found in Eurasia with poisonous and psychoactive properties. Description The cap is wide, hemispheric at first, then convex to plano-convex, deep brown to hazel-brown to pale ochraceous brown, densely distributed warts that are pure white to sordid cream, minutely verruculose, floccose, easily removable. Viscid when wet, with a short striate margin. The flesh is white, unchanging when injured. The gills are adnexed to free, close to crowded, white becoming greyish, truncate. The spores are white in deposit, smooth, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid to elongate, inamyloid, infrequently globose. 8–14 x 6–10 μm. The stipe is 5–15 cm long × .6–3 cm wide, subcylindric, somewhat narrowing upward, white, becoming slightly tannish in age, stuffed then hollow, finely floccos ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
GABAA Receptor
The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel. Its endogenous Ligand (biochemistry), ligand is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Accurate regulation of GABAergic transmission through appropriate developmental processes, specificity to neural cell types, and responsiveness to activity is crucial for the proper functioning of nearly all aspects of the central nervous system (CNS). Upon opening, the GABAA receptor on the Chemical synapse, postsynaptic cell is selectively permeable to Chloride, chloride ions () and, to a lesser extent, Bicarbonate, bicarbonate ions (). GABAAR are members of the ligand-gated ion channel receptor superfamily, which is a chloride channel family with a dozen or more heterotetrametric subtypes and 19 distinct subunits. These subtypes have distinct brain regional and subcellular localization, age-dependent expression, and the ability to undergo plastic alt ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Psychoactive
A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, mind-altering drug, consciousness-altering drug, psychoactive substance, or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that alters psychological functioning by modulating central nervous system activity. Psychoactive and psychotropic drugs both affect the brain, with psychotropics sometimes referring to psychiatric drugs or high-abuse substances, while “drug” can have negative connotations. Novel psychoactive substances are designer drugs made to mimic illegal ones and bypass laws. Psychoactive drug use dates back to prehistory for medicinal and consciousness-altering purposes, with evidence of widespread cultural use. Many animals intentionally consume psychoactive substances, and some traditional legends suggest animals first introduced humans to their use. Psychoactive substances are used across cultures for purposes ranging from medicinal and therapeutic treatment of mental disorders and pain, to performance enhancement. T ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Hallucinogen
Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelics, entheogens, or historically as psychotomimetics, are a large and diverse class of psychoactive drugs that can produce altered states of consciousness characterized by major alterations in thought, mood, and perception as well as other changes. Hallucinogens are often categorized as either being psychedelics, dissociatives, or deliriants, but not all hallucinogens fall into these three classes. Examples of hallucinogens include psychedelics or serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists like LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT; dissociatives or NMDA receptor antagonists like ketamine, PCP, DXM, and nitrous oxide; deliriants or antimuscarinics like scopolamine and diphenhydramine; cannabinoids or cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists like THC, nabilone, and JWH-018; κ-opioid receptor agonists like salvinorin A and pentazocine; GABAA receptor agonists like muscimol and gaboxadol; and oneirogens like ibogaine and harmaline, a ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Isoxazole
Isoxazole is an electron-rich azole with an oxygen atom next to the nitrogen. It is also the class of compounds containing this ring. Isoxazolyl is the Valence (chemistry), univalent functional group derived from isoxazole. Occurrence Isoxazole rings are found in some natural products, such as ibotenic acid and muscimol. Synthesis Isoxazole can be synthesised via a variety of methods. Examples include via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides with alkynes; or the reaction of hydroxylamine with 1,3-diketones or derivatives of propiolic acid. Photochemistry The photolysis of isoxazole was first reported in 1966. Due to the weak N-O bond, the isoxazole ring tends to collapse under UV irradiation, rearranging to oxazole through azirine intermediate. Meanwhile, the azirine intermediate can react with nucleophiles, especially carboxylic acids. Given the photoreactions, isoxazole group is developed as a native photo-cross-linker for photoaffinity labeling and chemoproteomic studi ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Gaboxadol
Gaboxadol, also known as 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol (THIP), is a conformationally constrained derivative of the alkaloid muscimol (a constituent of ''Amanita muscaria'') that was first synthesized in 1977 by the Danish chemist Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen. In the early 1980s, gaboxadol was the subject of a series of pilot studies that tested its efficacy as an analgesic and anxiolytic, as well as a treatment for tardive dyskinesia, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and spasticity. It was not until 1996 that researchers attempted to harness gaboxadol's frequently reported sedative "adverse effect" for the treatment of insomnia, resulting in a series of clinical trials sponsored by Lundbeck and Merck. In March 2007, Merck and Lundbeck cancelled work on the drug, citing safety concerns and the failure of an effectiveness trial. The drug acts on the GABA system, but in a different way from benzodiazepines, Z-Drugs, and barbiturates. More specifically, gabox ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Amanita
The genus ''Amanita'' contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded Edible mushroom, edible species (and many species of unknown edibility). The genus is responsible for approximately 95% of fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is . The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists discourage mushroom hunters, other than experts, from selecting any of these for human consumption. Nonetheless, in some cultures, the larger local edible species of ''Amanita'' are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season. Samples of this are ''Amanita zambiana'' and other fleshy species in central Africa, ''Amanita basii, A. basii'' and similar species in Mexico, ''Amanita caesarea, A. caesarea'' and the "Blusher" ''Amanita rubescens, A. rubescens'' in Europe, a ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Muscarine
Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a Secondary metabolite, natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in ''Inocybe'' and ''Clitocybe'' species, such as the deadly ''Clitocybe dealbata, C. dealbata''. Mushrooms in the genera ''Entoloma'' and ''Mycena'' have also been found to contain levels of muscarine which can be dangerous if ingested. Muscarine has been found in harmless trace amounts in the genera ''Boletus'', ''Hygrocybe'', ''Lactarius (fungus), Lactarius'' and ''Russula''. Trace concentrations of muscarine are also found in ''Amanita muscaria'', though the pharmacologically more relevant compound from this mushroom is the Z-drug-like alkaloid muscimol. ''A. muscaria'' basidiocarp, fruitbodies contain a variable dose of muscarine, usually around 0.0003% fresh weight. This is very low and toxicity symptoms occur very rarely. ''Inocybe'' and ''Clitocybe'' contain muscarine concentrations up to 1.6%. Muscarine is a selective agonist of the muscar ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Muscazone
Muscazone is a toxic chemical compound. It is an amino acid found in European fly agaric mushrooms. Consumption causes visual damage, mental confusion, and memory loss. See also *Ibotenic acid *Muscimol Muscimol, also known as agarin or pantherine, as well as 5-(aminomethyl)-1,2-oxazol-3-ol, is the principal psychoactive constituent of ''Amanita muscaria'' and '' Amanita pantherina''. Muscimol is an isoxazole alkaloid and a potent and selectiv ... References Alpha-Amino acids Mycotoxins Oxazolones Toxic amino acids {{OrganicAcid-stub ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |