|
Muhammad IX Ngileruma
Muhammad IX Ngileruma (Muḥammad Ngileruma bin ʿAlī bin Ḥamdūn) was the '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1811–1814. Life Muhammad Ngileruma was a son of ''mai'' Ali IV (1750–1791). By 1811, the reign of Muhammad's nephew Dunama IX Lefiami had inspired considerable discontent among the courtiers and nobility of the empire. Dunama had failed to deal with the invasion of the empire in the Fula jihads, with leadership instead mainly falling on the scholar and religious leader Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi. Al-Kanemi's growing influence and power as a result of his victories also represented a threat to the empire's establishment. In 1811, Dunama was deposed in a palace revolt and replaced as ''mai'' with Muhammad Ngileruma. The conspirators argued that they were acting justly by pointing to the fact that Dunama had become ''mai'' with the abdication of his father, Ahmad, and had thus irregularly acceded to the position while his predecessor was still alive. The conspi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Mais Of Kanem–Bornu
The ''mai'' (sometimes translated as king or emperor) was the monarch of the Kanem–Bornu Empire from its foundation 700 until the ''mai''s were replaced as rulers by the List of shehus of Bornu, ''shehu''s in the mid-19th century. The line of ''mai''s is largely reconstructed through the ''girgam'', the empire's royal chronicle. The ''girgam'' was preserved through oral tradition before transcriptions by European scholars in the mid-19th century. The ''girgam'' is not entirely reliable since it was preserved orally and contains some contradictions between different versions. There is however a large degree of agreement across different versions of the ''girgam'' as to the names of rulers and the lengths of their reigns. Because the slightly different versions of the ''girgam'' and a lack of precise dates, names and lengths of reign assigned to the ''mai''s may differ in different sources. For the sake of comparison, this list includes dates from different authors for each ruler. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kanem–Bornu Empire
The Kanem–Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad. The empire was sustained by the prosperous trans-Saharan trade and was one of the oldest and longest-lived List of kingdoms and empires in African history, empires in African history. The foundation and early history of the Kanem–Bornu Empire is poorly known. The state is typically dated to have been founded around the year 700, though it may have been established centuries earlier or later. The ruling Duguwa dynasty ruled from their capital Njimi in the Kanem (region), Kanem region and used the ruling title ''List of mais of Kanem–Bornu, mai''. By the 11th century, the Duguwa had been replaced by the Sayfawa dynasty and the empire had converted to Islam. Economic factors and conflict with the Bilala people caused the empire to lose Kanem in the 14th century. ''Mai'' Omar I of Kanem, Omar I re-centered the empire i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dunama IX Lefiami
Dunama IX Lefiami (Dunama Lefiami bin Aḥmad) was the '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1808–1811 and 1814–1817. Dunama came to power after his elderly father, Ahmad, decided to abdicate in the aftermath of the Fulani capture and destruction of Ngazargamu, the empire's capital. Dunama led resistance against the invaders and turned the tide with the recruitment of religious scholar and military leader Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi. With al-Kanemi's aid, the Fulani were largely repelled from imperial territory and Dunama restored to power. Dunama came to increasingly rely on al-Kanemi for the defense of the empire against further Fulani attacks, leading to al-Kanemi amassing unprecedented power and influence. Al-Kanemi's increasing influence and Dunama's failure to settle on a new capital raised questions about his leadership among his courtiers. In 1811, Dunama was deposed by his own courtiers in a palace revolt, replaced as ''mai'' with his uncle Muhammad IX Ngileruma. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali IV Of Bornu
Ali IV (''ʿ''Alī bin Ḥamdūn or ''ʿ''Alī bin al-Ḥājj Dunama) was the '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1750–1791. Life Ali IV succeeded Dunama VIII Gana as ''mai'' in 1750. He was the son of ''mai'' Hamdan (r. 1726–1731), who is also called Dunama in some sources. Ali's reign is noted for repeated conflicts with the Mandara Kingdom to the southwest of Bornu. Mandara and the densely populated pagan lands surrounding it was attractive as an area for slave raids. Ali launched several campaigns against Mandara. Most of his wars were unsuccessful; in one of the campaigns Ali himself was wounded and much of his army perished. In 1781, a Mandara army invaded Bornu itself and killed many of its soldiers. Ali's defeats seriously weakened the Kanem–Bornu Empire and made it more vulnerable to the Fula jihads, which would sweep through the region a few decades after Ali's death. Ali was succeeded by his son Ahmad Ahmad () is an Arabic male given name common in mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad II Of Bornu
Muhammad II (Muḥammad bin Idrīs) was the '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1388–1389, ruling during a century-long chaotic period of internal and external conflict. Life Muhammad was a son of Idris I and an unknown mother. He succeeded Sa'id, maybe his brother, as ''mai'' in 1389 and ruled only until 1389, when he was succeeded by his brother Kade II Afunu. The late 14th century, during which Muhammad ruled, was a period of acute political instability in Bornu, marked by internal conflict between members of the imperial family as well as external conflict, primarily with the Bilala people The Bulala are a Muslim people that live around Lake Fitri who are of Maguemi (also known as Maguia) origin and the Bulala of Nguedjem fraction shares the same ancestor with the Toubou (Goran) of Kara (also known by the Arabic pronunciation, Kre ... in the east. References {{Africa-royal-stub Rulers of the Bornu Empire 14th-century monarchs in Africa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fula Jihads
The Fula (or Fulani) jihads () sometimes called the Fulani revolution were a series of jihads that occurred across West Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries, led largely by the Muslim Fula people, Fulani people. The jihads and the jihad states came to an end with Scramble for Africa, European colonization. The earliest Fulbe polity was established in Bundu (state), Bundu in 1690. The first armed uprising took place in Futa Jallon in 1725, when Fula pastoralists, assisted by Muslim traders, rose against the indigenous chiefdoms. By 1750, the Fula had established the Imamate of Futa Jallon and placed the region under sharia law. Their success inspired the Toucouleur people, Toucouleurs on the banks of the lower Senegal river, Senegal to establish their own state, the Imamate of Futa Toro, through a series of wars between 1769 and 1776. In the early 19th century, the jihad movement spread eastward to the Hausa states. The revolutionary Usman dan Fodio, through Fulani War, a ser ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Al-Amin Al-Kanemi
List of shehus of Bornu, Shehu Muhammad al-Amîn al-Kanemi (; 1776 – 8 June 1837) was an Islamic scholar, teacher, religious and political leader who advised and eventually supplanted the Sayfawa dynasty of the Kanem–Bornu Empire. In 1846, al-Kanemi's son Umar of Borno, Umar I ibn Muhammad al-Amin became the sole ruler of Borno, an event which marked the end of the Sayfawa dynasty's 800 year rule. The current Shehu of Borno Emirate, Bornu, a traditional ruler whose seat remains in modern Borno State, Nigeria, is descended from al-Kanemi. Early life and career al-Kanemi was born in Murzuk in 1776. His father, Muhammad Ninka, was a well-known local Kanembu people, Kanembu ''mallam'' ('Islamic teacher') from Fahi, a village near Mao, Chad, Mao in the Kanem (region), Kanem Province of the Kanem-Bornu Empire. His mother was the daughter of a wealthy Arabs, Arab trader from Fun. He spent much of his early years in Murzuk, where he was taught the Quran, Qur'an. To further his studie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coup D'état
A coup d'état (; ; ), or simply a coup , is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership. A self-coup is said to take place when a leader, having come to power through legal means, tries to stay in power through illegal means. By one estimate, there were 457 coup attempts from 1950 to 2010, half of which were successful. Most coup attempts occurred in the mid-1960s, but there were also large numbers of coup attempts in the mid-1970s and the early 1990s. Coups occurring in the post-Cold War period have been more likely to result in democratic systems than Cold War coups, though coups still mostly perpetuate authoritarianism. Many factors may lead to the occurrence of a coup, as well as determine the success or failure of a coup. Once a coup is underway, coup success is driven by coup-makers' ability to get others to believe that the coup attempt will be successful. The number of successful cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmad Of Bornu
Ahmad (Aḥmad bin ''ʿ''Alī), also called Ahmad Alimi, was the '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1791–1808. Life Ahmad succeeded his father Ali IV as ''mai'' in 1791. Ahmad was a pious and gentle scholar, not a military man. Ahmad ruled a severely weakend Kanem–Bornu Empire. In the decades prior to Ahmad's reign, the empire had suffered defeats against the Mandara Kingdom to the southwest. The empire may have suffered from a plague during Ahmad's reign, leaving it vulnerable to attack. Near the end of Ahmad's reign, by 1807 at the latest, the Kanem–Bornu Empire became threatened by the Fula jihads. When Daura was attacked by Fulani forces, Ahmad sent assistance to the town. To Ahmad's eyes, the Fulani attacks in his realm amounted to a Fulani revolt against his rule. Ahmad sent a letter to Usman dan Fodio, commander of the movement, inquiring of the cause of the attacks. Ahmad stated that his people were Muslim, that he considered himself to be the Commander of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ngazargamu
Ngazargamu, also called Birni Ngazargamu, Birnin Gazargamu, Gazargamo or N'gazargamu, was the capital of the Kanem–Bornu Empire from its foundation by Ali I Gaji in the 15th century to its destruction in the Fula jihads in the early 19th century. The city was situated in the fork of the Komadugu Gana River and the Komadugu Yobe, near present-day Geidam, west of Lake Chad in the Yobe State of modern Nigeria. The ruins of the city are still visible. The surrounding wall is long and in parts it is still up to high. The city became Bornu's leading center for Islamic education under Idris Alooma. In 1808, Gazargamo was taken by the Fulani Jihad. Toponymy The first segment of N'gazargamu, which is ''N'gasar'', indicates that the earlier residents of the area were known as either N'gasar or N'gizim. The latter segment of the word, ''gamu'' or ''kumu'', shares similarities with the initial portion of the name ''Gwombe'' and can signify either (i) a leader or monarch or (ii) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
